Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors
Abstract Context Long COVID is an emerging syndrome affecting 50% to 70% of COVID-19 survivors that still lacks predicting factors. Objective Due to the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, we retrospectively assessed the association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and long COVID in COVID-19 survivor...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2023-09, Vol.108 (10), p.e1106-e1116 |
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| container_title | The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism |
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| creator | di Filippo, Luigi Frara, Stefano Nannipieri, Fabrizio Cotellessa, Alice Locatelli, Massimo Rovere Querini, Patrizia Giustina, Andrea |
| description | Abstract
Context
Long COVID is an emerging syndrome affecting 50% to 70% of COVID-19 survivors that still lacks predicting factors.
Objective
Due to the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, we retrospectively assessed the association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and long COVID in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after hospitalization.
Methods
Long COVID was defined according to NICE guidelines. Fifty long COVID and 50 non–long-COVID subjects matched on a 1:1 basis were enrolled from an outpatient clinic post-COVID cohort seen from August to November 2020. Therapies/comorbidities affecting calcium/vitamin D/bone metabolism, and/or admission to the intensive care unit during hospitalization were exclusion criteria. 25(OH) Vitamin D was measured at hospital admission and 6 months after discharge.
Results
We observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels, evaluated at follow-up, in subjects with long COVID than those without (20.1 vs 23.2 ng/mL, P = .03). Regarding the affected health areas evaluated in the entire cohort, we observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels in those with neurocognitive symptoms at follow-up (n = 7) than those without (n = 93) (14.6 vs 20.6 ng/mL, P = .042). In patients presenting vitamin D deficiency ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1210/clinem/dgad207 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10505553</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1210/clinem/dgad207</oup_id><sourcerecordid>2800620837</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-fdfeadbe113ea306b3d0b455063726af1856660837a3dc02fe42e9de8624df53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkUFP3DAQha2qqCy01x6RpV7KITC24zg5odUutEiRkAqivVneeLIYJfFiJ1vx78myCypcehpp5punN_MI-crghHEGp1XjOmxP7dJYDuoDmbAilYlihfpIJgCcJYXif_bJQYz3ACxNpfhE9oUCyVSqJuRX6f_SW9eb1nV0TktcYxPpNCCdxugrZ3q09Lfr72jpuyWdXd1ezun1Y2eDb5GOO8-dhBX0eghrt_YhfiZ7tWkiftnVQ3JzcX4z-5mUVz8uZ9MyqUYTfVLbGo1dIGMCjYBsISwsUikhE4pnpma5zLIMcqGMsBXwGlOOhcU846mtpTgkZ1vZ1bBo0VbY9cE0ehVca8Kj9sbpt5PO3emlX2sGEqSUYlT4vlMI_mHA2OvWxQqbxnToh6h5DpDxjYMR_fYOvfdD6MbztNi8MhdpASN1sqWq4GMMWL-6YaA3celtXHoX17hw9O8Nr_hLPiNwvAX8sPqf2BO23p91</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3051783490</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>di Filippo, Luigi ; Frara, Stefano ; Nannipieri, Fabrizio ; Cotellessa, Alice ; Locatelli, Massimo ; Rovere Querini, Patrizia ; Giustina, Andrea</creator><creatorcontrib>di Filippo, Luigi ; Frara, Stefano ; Nannipieri, Fabrizio ; Cotellessa, Alice ; Locatelli, Massimo ; Rovere Querini, Patrizia ; Giustina, Andrea</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract
Context
Long COVID is an emerging syndrome affecting 50% to 70% of COVID-19 survivors that still lacks predicting factors.
Objective
Due to the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, we retrospectively assessed the association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and long COVID in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after hospitalization.
Methods
Long COVID was defined according to NICE guidelines. Fifty long COVID and 50 non–long-COVID subjects matched on a 1:1 basis were enrolled from an outpatient clinic post-COVID cohort seen from August to November 2020. Therapies/comorbidities affecting calcium/vitamin D/bone metabolism, and/or admission to the intensive care unit during hospitalization were exclusion criteria. 25(OH) Vitamin D was measured at hospital admission and 6 months after discharge.
Results
We observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels, evaluated at follow-up, in subjects with long COVID than those without (20.1 vs 23.2 ng/mL, P = .03). Regarding the affected health areas evaluated in the entire cohort, we observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels in those with neurocognitive symptoms at follow-up (n = 7) than those without (n = 93) (14.6 vs 20.6 ng/mL, P = .042). In patients presenting vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), both at admission and at follow-up (n = 42), those affected by long COVID (n = 22) presented lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up than those not affected (n = 20) (12.7 vs 15.2 ng/mL, P = .041). In multiple regression analyses, lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up were the only variable significantly associated with long COVID in our cohort (P = .008, OR 1.09, CI 1.01-1.16).
Conclusion
COVID-19 survivors with long COVID have lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels than matched patients without long COVID. Our data suggest that vitamin D levels should be evaluated in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge. The role of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive strategy of COVID-19 sequelae should be tested in randomized controlled trials.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-972X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1945-7197</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad207</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37051747</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Bone turnover ; Calcium metabolism ; Clinical ; Clinical trials ; Cognition ; Comorbidity ; Complications ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - complications ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; Dietary supplements ; Humans ; Long COVID ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Retrospective Studies ; Survivors ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency - complications ; Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis ; Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology ; Vitamin deficiency ; Vitamins</subject><ispartof>The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023-09, Vol.108 (10), p.e1106-e1116</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. 2023</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-fdfeadbe113ea306b3d0b455063726af1856660837a3dc02fe42e9de8624df53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-fdfeadbe113ea306b3d0b455063726af1856660837a3dc02fe42e9de8624df53</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2615-3649 ; 0000-0001-6783-3398</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37051747$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>di Filippo, Luigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frara, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nannipieri, Fabrizio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cotellessa, Alice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Locatelli, Massimo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rovere Querini, Patrizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giustina, Andrea</creatorcontrib><title>Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors</title><title>The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism</title><addtitle>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</addtitle><description>Abstract
Context
Long COVID is an emerging syndrome affecting 50% to 70% of COVID-19 survivors that still lacks predicting factors.
Objective
Due to the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, we retrospectively assessed the association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and long COVID in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after hospitalization.
Methods
Long COVID was defined according to NICE guidelines. Fifty long COVID and 50 non–long-COVID subjects matched on a 1:1 basis were enrolled from an outpatient clinic post-COVID cohort seen from August to November 2020. Therapies/comorbidities affecting calcium/vitamin D/bone metabolism, and/or admission to the intensive care unit during hospitalization were exclusion criteria. 25(OH) Vitamin D was measured at hospital admission and 6 months after discharge.
Results
We observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels, evaluated at follow-up, in subjects with long COVID than those without (20.1 vs 23.2 ng/mL, P = .03). Regarding the affected health areas evaluated in the entire cohort, we observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels in those with neurocognitive symptoms at follow-up (n = 7) than those without (n = 93) (14.6 vs 20.6 ng/mL, P = .042). In patients presenting vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), both at admission and at follow-up (n = 42), those affected by long COVID (n = 22) presented lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up than those not affected (n = 20) (12.7 vs 15.2 ng/mL, P = .041). In multiple regression analyses, lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up were the only variable significantly associated with long COVID in our cohort (P = .008, OR 1.09, CI 1.01-1.16).
Conclusion
COVID-19 survivors with long COVID have lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels than matched patients without long COVID. Our data suggest that vitamin D levels should be evaluated in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge. The role of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive strategy of COVID-19 sequelae should be tested in randomized controlled trials.</description><subject>Bone turnover</subject><subject>Calcium metabolism</subject><subject>Clinical</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Comorbidity</subject><subject>Complications</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - complications</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>Dietary supplements</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Long COVID</subject><subject>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Survivors</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - complications</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vitamin deficiency</subject><subject>Vitamins</subject><issn>0021-972X</issn><issn>1945-7197</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUFP3DAQha2qqCy01x6RpV7KITC24zg5odUutEiRkAqivVneeLIYJfFiJ1vx78myCypcehpp5punN_MI-crghHEGp1XjOmxP7dJYDuoDmbAilYlihfpIJgCcJYXif_bJQYz3ACxNpfhE9oUCyVSqJuRX6f_SW9eb1nV0TktcYxPpNCCdxugrZ3q09Lfr72jpuyWdXd1ezun1Y2eDb5GOO8-dhBX0eghrt_YhfiZ7tWkiftnVQ3JzcX4z-5mUVz8uZ9MyqUYTfVLbGo1dIGMCjYBsISwsUikhE4pnpma5zLIMcqGMsBXwGlOOhcU846mtpTgkZ1vZ1bBo0VbY9cE0ehVca8Kj9sbpt5PO3emlX2sGEqSUYlT4vlMI_mHA2OvWxQqbxnToh6h5DpDxjYMR_fYOvfdD6MbztNi8MhdpASN1sqWq4GMMWL-6YaA3celtXHoX17hw9O8Nr_hLPiNwvAX8sPqf2BO23p91</recordid><startdate>20230918</startdate><enddate>20230918</enddate><creator>di Filippo, Luigi</creator><creator>Frara, Stefano</creator><creator>Nannipieri, Fabrizio</creator><creator>Cotellessa, Alice</creator><creator>Locatelli, Massimo</creator><creator>Rovere Querini, Patrizia</creator><creator>Giustina, Andrea</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-3649</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3398</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230918</creationdate><title>Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors</title><author>di Filippo, Luigi ; Frara, Stefano ; Nannipieri, Fabrizio ; Cotellessa, Alice ; Locatelli, Massimo ; Rovere Querini, Patrizia ; Giustina, Andrea</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c453t-fdfeadbe113ea306b3d0b455063726af1856660837a3dc02fe42e9de8624df53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Bone turnover</topic><topic>Calcium metabolism</topic><topic>Clinical</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Comorbidity</topic><topic>Complications</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - complications</topic><topic>COVID-19 - epidemiology</topic><topic>Dietary supplements</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Long COVID</topic><topic>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Survivors</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - complications</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vitamin deficiency</topic><topic>Vitamins</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>di Filippo, Luigi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frara, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nannipieri, Fabrizio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cotellessa, Alice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Locatelli, Massimo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rovere Querini, Patrizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giustina, Andrea</creatorcontrib><collection>Access via Oxford University Press (Open Access Collection)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>di Filippo, Luigi</au><au>Frara, Stefano</au><au>Nannipieri, Fabrizio</au><au>Cotellessa, Alice</au><au>Locatelli, Massimo</au><au>Rovere Querini, Patrizia</au><au>Giustina, Andrea</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors</atitle><jtitle>The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism</jtitle><addtitle>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</addtitle><date>2023-09-18</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>108</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e1106</spage><epage>e1116</epage><pages>e1106-e1116</pages><issn>0021-972X</issn><eissn>1945-7197</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Context
Long COVID is an emerging syndrome affecting 50% to 70% of COVID-19 survivors that still lacks predicting factors.
Objective
Due to the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, we retrospectively assessed the association between 25(OH) vitamin D levels and long COVID in COVID-19 survivors 6 months after hospitalization.
Methods
Long COVID was defined according to NICE guidelines. Fifty long COVID and 50 non–long-COVID subjects matched on a 1:1 basis were enrolled from an outpatient clinic post-COVID cohort seen from August to November 2020. Therapies/comorbidities affecting calcium/vitamin D/bone metabolism, and/or admission to the intensive care unit during hospitalization were exclusion criteria. 25(OH) Vitamin D was measured at hospital admission and 6 months after discharge.
Results
We observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels, evaluated at follow-up, in subjects with long COVID than those without (20.1 vs 23.2 ng/mL, P = .03). Regarding the affected health areas evaluated in the entire cohort, we observed lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels in those with neurocognitive symptoms at follow-up (n = 7) than those without (n = 93) (14.6 vs 20.6 ng/mL, P = .042). In patients presenting vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), both at admission and at follow-up (n = 42), those affected by long COVID (n = 22) presented lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up than those not affected (n = 20) (12.7 vs 15.2 ng/mL, P = .041). In multiple regression analyses, lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels at follow-up were the only variable significantly associated with long COVID in our cohort (P = .008, OR 1.09, CI 1.01-1.16).
Conclusion
COVID-19 survivors with long COVID have lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels than matched patients without long COVID. Our data suggest that vitamin D levels should be evaluated in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge. The role of vitamin D supplementation as a preventive strategy of COVID-19 sequelae should be tested in randomized controlled trials.</abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>37051747</pmid><doi>10.1210/clinem/dgad207</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-3649</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3398</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023-09, Vol.108 (10), p.e1106-e1116 |
| issn | 0021-972X 1945-7197 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Bone turnover Calcium metabolism Clinical Clinical trials Cognition Comorbidity Complications COVID-19 COVID-19 - complications COVID-19 - epidemiology Dietary supplements Humans Long COVID Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome Retrospective Studies Survivors Vitamin D Vitamin D Deficiency - complications Vitamin D Deficiency - diagnosis Vitamin D Deficiency - epidemiology Vitamin deficiency Vitamins |
| title | Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors |
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