Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties
This study describes the preparation and evaluation of phenol-furfural resin (PFR) from bagasse and its nanocomposites for electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) application. PFR was prepared with furfural extracted from bagasse using a modified acid digestion method. Three different formulations of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Polymers 2023-08, Vol.15 (15), p.3283 |
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| creator | Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor Bibi, Maryam Mahmood, Azhar Khattak, Abraiz Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan Zehra, Syeda Hijab |
| description | This study describes the preparation and evaluation of phenol-furfural resin (PFR) from bagasse and its nanocomposites for electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) application. PFR was prepared with furfural extracted from bagasse using a modified acid digestion method. Three different formulations of PFR nanocomposites with conductive nanoparticles, i.e., PFR-silver, PFR-graphite, and PFR-silver + graphite, were prepared using 20, 40, and 60
/
% of fillers via the impregnation method. The resultant products were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity was measured using a four-probe technique, while band gap was calculated via Tauc plots. The results exhibited a significant rise in electrical conductivity of insulating virgin PFR from 2.6 × 10
Scm
to 8.2 × 10
Scm
with a 40 and 20
/
% blend of Ag and graphite in PFR. This synergism was exhibited because graphite and Ag NPs supply excellent junctions for building networks. Both tend to coalesce due to van der Waals forces and high surface energies. Therefore, conductive pathway numbers can be increased, and the contact area can be effectively enlarged. This ternary composite exhibited the lowest bandgap energy value, i.e., 3.1 eV. Thermogravimetric temperature values T
and T
were increased up to 120 °C and 484 °C, respectively, showing a significant increase in thermal stability. Therefore, the resultant nanocomposite material has good potential to be employed as an ECA in the electronic industry. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/polym15153283 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10422539</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A760616448</galeid><sourcerecordid>A760616448</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-abc330360040f10ed08a814c998560f8e6e029d01d0d949a9acc93963600f103</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkkFr3DAQhU1oSUKaY6_F0Esvzo4sWbZOZbNskkKgoSz0KBR5vFaQJVeyU_ZX9C9HyyYhqXTQIH3vjR5Mln0mcEGpgMXo7W4gFalo2dCj7LSEmhaMcvjwpj7JzmN8gLRYxTmpj7MTWlc1IXV9mv2769F5W1zNoZuDsvkvjMYtroMaezPhYrktLlXENl9b1FMwWlm7y1fetbOezCPmy7ZPilSs_DD6mDQx74If8t8qTphfqq2KEfO_ZurzteuV08ls02MYfPHimd8FP2KYDMZP2cdO2Yjnz-dZtrlab1Y3xe3P6x-r5W2hGSFToe41pZDCAYOOALbQqIYwLURTcega5AilaIG00AomlFBaCyr4XpF4epZ9P9iO8_2ArUY3pfByDGZQYSe9MvL9izO93PpHSYCVZUVFcvj27BD8nxnjJAcTNVqrHPo5yrKpgELN6z369T_0wc_BpXiJYgIq3gBP1MWB2iqL0rjOp8Y67RYHo73DzqT7Zc2BE85YkwTFQaCDjzFg9_p9AnI_HvLdeCT-y9vMr_TLMNAnNgG30Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2849056806</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties</title><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor ; Bibi, Maryam ; Mahmood, Azhar ; Khattak, Abraiz ; Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan ; Zehra, Syeda Hijab</creator><creatorcontrib>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor ; Bibi, Maryam ; Mahmood, Azhar ; Khattak, Abraiz ; Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan ; Zehra, Syeda Hijab</creatorcontrib><description>This study describes the preparation and evaluation of phenol-furfural resin (PFR) from bagasse and its nanocomposites for electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) application. PFR was prepared with furfural extracted from bagasse using a modified acid digestion method. Three different formulations of PFR nanocomposites with conductive nanoparticles, i.e., PFR-silver, PFR-graphite, and PFR-silver + graphite, were prepared using 20, 40, and 60
/
% of fillers via the impregnation method. The resultant products were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity was measured using a four-probe technique, while band gap was calculated via Tauc plots. The results exhibited a significant rise in electrical conductivity of insulating virgin PFR from 2.6 × 10
Scm
to 8.2 × 10
Scm
with a 40 and 20
/
% blend of Ag and graphite in PFR. This synergism was exhibited because graphite and Ag NPs supply excellent junctions for building networks. Both tend to coalesce due to van der Waals forces and high surface energies. Therefore, conductive pathway numbers can be increased, and the contact area can be effectively enlarged. This ternary composite exhibited the lowest bandgap energy value, i.e., 3.1 eV. Thermogravimetric temperature values T
and T
were increased up to 120 °C and 484 °C, respectively, showing a significant increase in thermal stability. Therefore, the resultant nanocomposite material has good potential to be employed as an ECA in the electronic industry.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4360</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/polym15153283</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37571177</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acid digestion ; Adhesives ; Bagasse ; Composite materials ; Curing ; Electric contacts ; Electric properties ; Electrical junctions ; Electrical resistivity ; Energy gap ; Energy minerals ; Energy value ; Epoxy resins ; Formulations ; Fossil fuels ; Furfural ; Global economy ; Graphite ; Impact strength ; Insulation ; Nanocomposites ; Nanoparticles ; Phenols ; Raw materials ; Renewable resources ; Resins ; Shear strength ; Silicones ; Silver ; Sugarcane ; Temperature ; Thermal stability ; Van der Waals forces</subject><ispartof>Polymers, 2023-08, Vol.15 (15), p.3283</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-abc330360040f10ed08a814c998560f8e6e029d01d0d949a9acc93963600f103</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0881-2612 ; 0000-0003-4525-1535</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10422539/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10422539/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37571177$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bibi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmood, Azhar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khattak, Abraiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zehra, Syeda Hijab</creatorcontrib><title>Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties</title><title>Polymers</title><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><description>This study describes the preparation and evaluation of phenol-furfural resin (PFR) from bagasse and its nanocomposites for electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) application. PFR was prepared with furfural extracted from bagasse using a modified acid digestion method. Three different formulations of PFR nanocomposites with conductive nanoparticles, i.e., PFR-silver, PFR-graphite, and PFR-silver + graphite, were prepared using 20, 40, and 60
/
% of fillers via the impregnation method. The resultant products were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity was measured using a four-probe technique, while band gap was calculated via Tauc plots. The results exhibited a significant rise in electrical conductivity of insulating virgin PFR from 2.6 × 10
Scm
to 8.2 × 10
Scm
with a 40 and 20
/
% blend of Ag and graphite in PFR. This synergism was exhibited because graphite and Ag NPs supply excellent junctions for building networks. Both tend to coalesce due to van der Waals forces and high surface energies. Therefore, conductive pathway numbers can be increased, and the contact area can be effectively enlarged. This ternary composite exhibited the lowest bandgap energy value, i.e., 3.1 eV. Thermogravimetric temperature values T
and T
were increased up to 120 °C and 484 °C, respectively, showing a significant increase in thermal stability. Therefore, the resultant nanocomposite material has good potential to be employed as an ECA in the electronic industry.</description><subject>Acid digestion</subject><subject>Adhesives</subject><subject>Bagasse</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Curing</subject><subject>Electric contacts</subject><subject>Electric properties</subject><subject>Electrical junctions</subject><subject>Electrical resistivity</subject><subject>Energy gap</subject><subject>Energy minerals</subject><subject>Energy value</subject><subject>Epoxy resins</subject><subject>Formulations</subject><subject>Fossil fuels</subject><subject>Furfural</subject><subject>Global economy</subject><subject>Graphite</subject><subject>Impact strength</subject><subject>Insulation</subject><subject>Nanocomposites</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Raw materials</subject><subject>Renewable resources</subject><subject>Resins</subject><subject>Shear strength</subject><subject>Silicones</subject><subject>Silver</subject><subject>Sugarcane</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Thermal stability</subject><subject>Van der Waals forces</subject><issn>2073-4360</issn><issn>2073-4360</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkkFr3DAQhU1oSUKaY6_F0Esvzo4sWbZOZbNskkKgoSz0KBR5vFaQJVeyU_ZX9C9HyyYhqXTQIH3vjR5Mln0mcEGpgMXo7W4gFalo2dCj7LSEmhaMcvjwpj7JzmN8gLRYxTmpj7MTWlc1IXV9mv2769F5W1zNoZuDsvkvjMYtroMaezPhYrktLlXENl9b1FMwWlm7y1fetbOezCPmy7ZPilSs_DD6mDQx74If8t8qTphfqq2KEfO_ZurzteuV08ls02MYfPHimd8FP2KYDMZP2cdO2Yjnz-dZtrlab1Y3xe3P6x-r5W2hGSFToe41pZDCAYOOALbQqIYwLURTcega5AilaIG00AomlFBaCyr4XpF4epZ9P9iO8_2ArUY3pfByDGZQYSe9MvL9izO93PpHSYCVZUVFcvj27BD8nxnjJAcTNVqrHPo5yrKpgELN6z369T_0wc_BpXiJYgIq3gBP1MWB2iqL0rjOp8Y67RYHo73DzqT7Zc2BE85YkwTFQaCDjzFg9_p9AnI_HvLdeCT-y9vMr_TLMNAnNgG30Q</recordid><startdate>20230803</startdate><enddate>20230803</enddate><creator>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor</creator><creator>Bibi, Maryam</creator><creator>Mahmood, Azhar</creator><creator>Khattak, Abraiz</creator><creator>Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan</creator><creator>Zehra, Syeda Hijab</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-2612</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-1535</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230803</creationdate><title>Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties</title><author>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor ; Bibi, Maryam ; Mahmood, Azhar ; Khattak, Abraiz ; Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan ; Zehra, Syeda Hijab</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c411t-abc330360040f10ed08a814c998560f8e6e029d01d0d949a9acc93963600f103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Acid digestion</topic><topic>Adhesives</topic><topic>Bagasse</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Curing</topic><topic>Electric contacts</topic><topic>Electric properties</topic><topic>Electrical junctions</topic><topic>Electrical resistivity</topic><topic>Energy gap</topic><topic>Energy minerals</topic><topic>Energy value</topic><topic>Epoxy resins</topic><topic>Formulations</topic><topic>Fossil fuels</topic><topic>Furfural</topic><topic>Global economy</topic><topic>Graphite</topic><topic>Impact strength</topic><topic>Insulation</topic><topic>Nanocomposites</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Raw materials</topic><topic>Renewable resources</topic><topic>Resins</topic><topic>Shear strength</topic><topic>Silicones</topic><topic>Silver</topic><topic>Sugarcane</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Thermal stability</topic><topic>Van der Waals forces</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bibi, Maryam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmood, Azhar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khattak, Abraiz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zehra, Syeda Hijab</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zehra, Syeda Mahnoor</au><au>Bibi, Maryam</au><au>Mahmood, Azhar</au><au>Khattak, Abraiz</au><au>Asad, Muhammad Zeeshan</au><au>Zehra, Syeda Hijab</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties</atitle><jtitle>Polymers</jtitle><addtitle>Polymers (Basel)</addtitle><date>2023-08-03</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>15</issue><spage>3283</spage><pages>3283-</pages><issn>2073-4360</issn><eissn>2073-4360</eissn><abstract>This study describes the preparation and evaluation of phenol-furfural resin (PFR) from bagasse and its nanocomposites for electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) application. PFR was prepared with furfural extracted from bagasse using a modified acid digestion method. Three different formulations of PFR nanocomposites with conductive nanoparticles, i.e., PFR-silver, PFR-graphite, and PFR-silver + graphite, were prepared using 20, 40, and 60
/
% of fillers via the impregnation method. The resultant products were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, EDS, and XRD spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity was measured using a four-probe technique, while band gap was calculated via Tauc plots. The results exhibited a significant rise in electrical conductivity of insulating virgin PFR from 2.6 × 10
Scm
to 8.2 × 10
Scm
with a 40 and 20
/
% blend of Ag and graphite in PFR. This synergism was exhibited because graphite and Ag NPs supply excellent junctions for building networks. Both tend to coalesce due to van der Waals forces and high surface energies. Therefore, conductive pathway numbers can be increased, and the contact area can be effectively enlarged. This ternary composite exhibited the lowest bandgap energy value, i.e., 3.1 eV. Thermogravimetric temperature values T
and T
were increased up to 120 °C and 484 °C, respectively, showing a significant increase in thermal stability. Therefore, the resultant nanocomposite material has good potential to be employed as an ECA in the electronic industry.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37571177</pmid><doi>10.3390/polym15153283</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-2612</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-1535</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acid digestion Adhesives Bagasse Composite materials Curing Electric contacts Electric properties Electrical junctions Electrical resistivity Energy gap Energy minerals Energy value Epoxy resins Formulations Fossil fuels Furfural Global economy Graphite Impact strength Insulation Nanocomposites Nanoparticles Phenols Raw materials Renewable resources Resins Shear strength Silicones Silver Sugarcane Temperature Thermal stability Van der Waals forces |
| title | Phenol-Furfural Resin/Graphite/Ag-Based Electrically Conductive Adhesive Composites from Waste Bagasse with Enhanced Thermo-Electric Properties |
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