Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance
India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral...
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creator | Khan, Shakir Song, Bofan Mallidi, Srivalleesha Li, Shaobai Liu, Hui Bilal Hussain, M A Siddiqui, Shaista Khan, Amjad P Akhtar, Kafil Siddiqui, Shahid Ali Hasan, Syed Abrar Hopper, Colin Bown, Stephen G Liang, Rongguang Hasan, Tayyaba Celli, Jonathan P |
description | India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral cancer detection and timely treatment at the point of care are urgently needed.
Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL).
A total of 12 patients with 14 buccal mucosal lesions having moderately/well-differentiated micro-invasive OSCC lesions (
diameter and
depth) were systemically (in oral solution) administered three doses of
ALA (total
). Lesion site PpIX and auto-FL were imaged using the multichannel FL and polarized white-light oral cancer imaging probe before/after ALA administration and after light delivery (fractionated, total
of 635 nm red LED light).
The handheld device was conducive for access to lesion site images in the oral cavity. Segmentation of ratiometric images in which PpIX FL is mapped relative to auto-FL enabled improved demarcation of lesion boundaries relative to PpIX alone. A relative FL (
-value) threshold of 1.4 was found to segment lesion site PpIX production among the patients with mild to severe dysplasia malignancy. The segmented lesion size is well correlated with ultrasound findings. Lesions for which
-value was
at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes.
These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1117/1.JBO.28.8.082809 |
format | Article |
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Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL).
A total of 12 patients with 14 buccal mucosal lesions having moderately/well-differentiated micro-invasive OSCC lesions (
diameter and
depth) were systemically (in oral solution) administered three doses of
ALA (total
). Lesion site PpIX and auto-FL were imaged using the multichannel FL and polarized white-light oral cancer imaging probe before/after ALA administration and after light delivery (fractionated, total
of 635 nm red LED light).
The handheld device was conducive for access to lesion site images in the oral cavity. Segmentation of ratiometric images in which PpIX FL is mapped relative to auto-FL enabled improved demarcation of lesion boundaries relative to PpIX alone. A relative FL (
-value) threshold of 1.4 was found to segment lesion site PpIX production among the patients with mild to severe dysplasia malignancy. The segmented lesion size is well correlated with ultrasound findings. Lesions for which
-value was
at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes.
These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1083-3668</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1560-2281</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1560-2281</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.28.8.082809</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37483565</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: S P I E - International Society for</publisher><subject>Aminolevulinic acid ; Aminolevulinic Acid - therapeutic use ; Cameras ; Cancer ; Cancer screening ; Cancer therapies ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Dysplasia ; Fluorescence ; Health services ; Humans ; Image processing ; Image segmentation ; Lesions ; Light emitting diodes ; Low cost ; Malignancy ; Medical imaging ; Medical screening ; Monitoring ; Mouth Neoplasms - pathology ; New technology ; Oral cancer ; Oral carcinoma ; Oral cavity ; Oral squamous cell carcinoma ; Patients ; Photochemotherapy - methods ; Photodynamic therapy ; Photosensitizing Agents - therapeutic use ; Protoporphyrin ; Protoporphyrin IX ; Protoporphyrins - metabolism ; Rural areas ; Smartphone ; Smartphones ; Special Section on Seeing Inside Tissue with Optical Molecular Probes ; Telemedicine ; White light</subject><ispartof>Journal of biomedical optics, 2023-08, Vol.28 (8), p.082809</ispartof><rights>2023 The Authors.</rights><rights>2023. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 The Authors 2023 The Authors</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-4f62ad698edb7588e25bb5489c73702723f2a902c39b942cca8503c3f20d22e03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c428t-4f62ad698edb7588e25bb5489c73702723f2a902c39b942cca8503c3f20d22e03</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0871-6057 ; 0000-0003-3772-4312 ; 0000-0003-1547-1764 ; 0000-0003-3560-0770 ; 0000-0002-2797-9592 ; 0000-0003-2792-3457</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2865755716/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2865755716?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,724,777,781,861,882,21369,27905,27906,33725,33726,43786,53772,53774,64364,64366,64368,72218,74051</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37483565$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shakir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Bofan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mallidi, Srivalleesha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Shaobai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bilal Hussain, M A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Shaista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Amjad P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akhtar, Kafil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Shahid Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Syed Abrar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopper, Colin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bown, Stephen G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Rongguang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Tayyaba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Celli, Jonathan P</creatorcontrib><title>Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance</title><title>Journal of biomedical optics</title><addtitle>J Biomed Opt</addtitle><description>India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral cancer detection and timely treatment at the point of care are urgently needed.
Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL).
A total of 12 patients with 14 buccal mucosal lesions having moderately/well-differentiated micro-invasive OSCC lesions (
diameter and
depth) were systemically (in oral solution) administered three doses of
ALA (total
). Lesion site PpIX and auto-FL were imaged using the multichannel FL and polarized white-light oral cancer imaging probe before/after ALA administration and after light delivery (fractionated, total
of 635 nm red LED light).
The handheld device was conducive for access to lesion site images in the oral cavity. Segmentation of ratiometric images in which PpIX FL is mapped relative to auto-FL enabled improved demarcation of lesion boundaries relative to PpIX alone. A relative FL (
-value) threshold of 1.4 was found to segment lesion site PpIX production among the patients with mild to severe dysplasia malignancy. The segmented lesion size is well correlated with ultrasound findings. Lesions for which
-value was
at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes.
These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware.</description><subject>Aminolevulinic acid</subject><subject>Aminolevulinic Acid - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Cameras</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cancer screening</subject><subject>Cancer therapies</subject><subject>Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</subject><subject>Dysplasia</subject><subject>Fluorescence</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image processing</subject><subject>Image segmentation</subject><subject>Lesions</subject><subject>Light emitting diodes</subject><subject>Low cost</subject><subject>Malignancy</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medical screening</subject><subject>Monitoring</subject><subject>Mouth Neoplasms - pathology</subject><subject>New technology</subject><subject>Oral cancer</subject><subject>Oral carcinoma</subject><subject>Oral cavity</subject><subject>Oral squamous cell carcinoma</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Photochemotherapy - methods</subject><subject>Photodynamic therapy</subject><subject>Photosensitizing Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Protoporphyrin</subject><subject>Protoporphyrin IX</subject><subject>Protoporphyrins - metabolism</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Smartphone</subject><subject>Smartphones</subject><subject>Special Section on Seeing Inside Tissue with Optical Molecular Probes</subject><subject>Telemedicine</subject><subject>White light</subject><issn>1083-3668</issn><issn>1560-2281</issn><issn>1560-2281</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUsuO1DAQjBCIXRY-gAuyxIXDZvAjdpwTghFPrbQXOFuO3Zl4ldjBdhbN3_CpOMyyAk5uuauqXe6qqucE7wgh7Wuy-_LuekflTu6wpBJ3D6pzwgWuKZXkYamxZDUTQp5VT1K6wRhL0YnH1RlrG8m44OfVz_3kvDN6QjolSGkGn1EYkEZT-FGbkPIlGrW39QiTvURp1jEvY_BQ65y1GcEi53PUIRYJN-uD8we0xNADGkJEvNaz82GC2_X3HKSNs6gI5GCPvvQMyiNEvRzRHLzLIW78Mg8dVme1N_C0ejToKcGzu_Oi-vbh_df9p_rq-uPn_dur2jRU5roZBNVWdBJs33IpgfK-543sTMtaTFvKBqo7TA3r-q6hxmjJMTPlFltKAbOL6s1Jd1n7GayBzdWkllhMxaMK2ql_O96N6hBuFcFM0PLrReHVnUIM31dIWc0uGZgm7SGsSVHZkAZjIjfoy_-gN2GNvvgrKMFbzluyocgJZWJIKcJw_xqC1RYARVQJQKEoqU4BKJwXf9u4Z_zZOPsFPsOvgA</recordid><startdate>20230801</startdate><enddate>20230801</enddate><creator>Khan, Shakir</creator><creator>Song, Bofan</creator><creator>Mallidi, Srivalleesha</creator><creator>Li, Shaobai</creator><creator>Liu, Hui</creator><creator>Bilal Hussain, M A</creator><creator>Siddiqui, Shaista</creator><creator>Khan, Amjad P</creator><creator>Akhtar, Kafil</creator><creator>Siddiqui, Shahid Ali</creator><creator>Hasan, Syed Abrar</creator><creator>Hopper, Colin</creator><creator>Bown, Stephen G</creator><creator>Liang, Rongguang</creator><creator>Hasan, Tayyaba</creator><creator>Celli, Jonathan P</creator><general>S P I E - 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therapeutic use</topic><topic>Cameras</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Cancer screening</topic><topic>Cancer therapies</topic><topic>Carcinoma, Squamous Cell</topic><topic>Dysplasia</topic><topic>Fluorescence</topic><topic>Health services</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image processing</topic><topic>Image segmentation</topic><topic>Lesions</topic><topic>Light emitting diodes</topic><topic>Low cost</topic><topic>Malignancy</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medical screening</topic><topic>Monitoring</topic><topic>Mouth Neoplasms - pathology</topic><topic>New technology</topic><topic>Oral cancer</topic><topic>Oral carcinoma</topic><topic>Oral cavity</topic><topic>Oral squamous cell carcinoma</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Photochemotherapy - methods</topic><topic>Photodynamic therapy</topic><topic>Photosensitizing Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Protoporphyrin</topic><topic>Protoporphyrin IX</topic><topic>Protoporphyrins - metabolism</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Smartphone</topic><topic>Smartphones</topic><topic>Special Section on Seeing Inside Tissue with Optical Molecular Probes</topic><topic>Telemedicine</topic><topic>White light</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Khan, Shakir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Bofan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mallidi, Srivalleesha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Shaobai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bilal Hussain, M A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Shaista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Amjad P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Akhtar, Kafil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Shahid Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Syed Abrar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopper, Colin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bown, Stephen G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Rongguang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasan, Tayyaba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Celli, Jonathan P</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of biomedical optics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khan, Shakir</au><au>Song, Bofan</au><au>Mallidi, Srivalleesha</au><au>Li, Shaobai</au><au>Liu, Hui</au><au>Bilal Hussain, M A</au><au>Siddiqui, Shaista</au><au>Khan, Amjad P</au><au>Akhtar, Kafil</au><au>Siddiqui, Shahid Ali</au><au>Hasan, Syed Abrar</au><au>Hopper, Colin</au><au>Bown, Stephen G</au><au>Liang, Rongguang</au><au>Hasan, Tayyaba</au><au>Celli, Jonathan P</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance</atitle><jtitle>Journal of biomedical optics</jtitle><addtitle>J Biomed Opt</addtitle><date>2023-08-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>082809</spage><pages>082809-</pages><issn>1083-3668</issn><issn>1560-2281</issn><eissn>1560-2281</eissn><abstract>India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral cancer detection and timely treatment at the point of care are urgently needed.
Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL).
A total of 12 patients with 14 buccal mucosal lesions having moderately/well-differentiated micro-invasive OSCC lesions (
diameter and
depth) were systemically (in oral solution) administered three doses of
ALA (total
). Lesion site PpIX and auto-FL were imaged using the multichannel FL and polarized white-light oral cancer imaging probe before/after ALA administration and after light delivery (fractionated, total
of 635 nm red LED light).
The handheld device was conducive for access to lesion site images in the oral cavity. Segmentation of ratiometric images in which PpIX FL is mapped relative to auto-FL enabled improved demarcation of lesion boundaries relative to PpIX alone. A relative FL (
-value) threshold of 1.4 was found to segment lesion site PpIX production among the patients with mild to severe dysplasia malignancy. The segmented lesion size is well correlated with ultrasound findings. Lesions for which
-value was
at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes.
These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>S P I E - International Society for</pub><pmid>37483565</pmid><doi>10.1117/1.JBO.28.8.082809</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0871-6057</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-4312</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-1764</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3560-0770</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-9592</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2792-3457</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10362156 |
source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; TestCollectionTL3OpenAccess; ProQuest Central UK/Ireland; PubMed Central; ProQuest Central |
subjects | Aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid - therapeutic use Cameras Cancer Cancer screening Cancer therapies Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Dysplasia Fluorescence Health services Humans Image processing Image segmentation Lesions Light emitting diodes Low cost Malignancy Medical imaging Medical screening Monitoring Mouth Neoplasms - pathology New technology Oral cancer Oral carcinoma Oral cavity Oral squamous cell carcinoma Patients Photochemotherapy - methods Photodynamic therapy Photosensitizing Agents - therapeutic use Protoporphyrin Protoporphyrin IX Protoporphyrins - metabolism Rural areas Smartphone Smartphones Special Section on Seeing Inside Tissue with Optical Molecular Probes Telemedicine White light |
title | Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-20T08%3A46%3A42IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clinical%20assessment%20of%20a%20low-cost,%20hand-held,%20smartphone-attached%20intraoral%20imaging%20probe%20for%205-aminolevulinic%20acid%20photodynamic%20therapy%20monitoring%20and%20guidance&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20biomedical%20optics&rft.au=Khan,%20Shakir&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=082809&rft.pages=082809-&rft.issn=1083-3668&rft.eissn=1560-2281&rft_id=info:doi/10.1117/1.JBO.28.8.082809&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2865755716%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2865755716&rft_id=info:pmid/37483565&rfr_iscdi=true |