Evidence of Individual Superspin Relaxation in Diluted Fe3O4/Hexane Ferrofluids
We used dc magnetization and ac susceptibility to investigate the magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids made of 8 nm average-diameter Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Samples of different concentrations (δ) spanning two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.66 to 0.005 mg (Fe3O4)/mL (hexane) were...
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description | We used dc magnetization and ac susceptibility to investigate the magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids made of 8 nm average-diameter Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Samples of different concentrations (δ) spanning two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.66 to 0.005 mg (Fe3O4)/mL (hexane) were used to vary the interparticle interaction strength. Our data reveal a critical concentration, δc = 0.02 mg/mL, below which the ferrofluid behaves like an ideal nanoparticle ensemble where the superspins relax individually according to a Néel–Brown activation law τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT with a characteristic time τo ~10−9 s. That is further confirmed by the observed invariance of the relative peak temperature variation per frequency decade ∆=∆TT·∆log(f), which stays constant at ~0.185 when δ < δc. At higher concentrations, between 0.02 and 0.66 mg/mL, we found that Δ exhibits a monotonic increase with the inverse concentration, 1δ, and the collective superspin dynamics is described by a Vogel–Fulcher law, τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT−T0. Within this regime, the dipolar interaction strength parameter T0 increases from T0 = 0 K at δc = 0.02 mg/mL to T0 = 14.7 K at δ = 0.66 mg/mL. |
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Samples of different concentrations (δ) spanning two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.66 to 0.005 mg (Fe3O4)/mL (hexane) were used to vary the interparticle interaction strength. Our data reveal a critical concentration, δc = 0.02 mg/mL, below which the ferrofluid behaves like an ideal nanoparticle ensemble where the superspins relax individually according to a Néel–Brown activation law τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT with a characteristic time τo ~10−9 s. That is further confirmed by the observed invariance of the relative peak temperature variation per frequency decade ∆=∆TT·∆log(f), which stays constant at ~0.185 when δ < δc. At higher concentrations, between 0.02 and 0.66 mg/mL, we found that Δ exhibits a monotonic increase with the inverse concentration, 1δ, and the collective superspin dynamics is described by a Vogel–Fulcher law, τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT−T0. Within this regime, the dipolar interaction strength parameter T0 increases from T0 = 0 K at δc = 0.02 mg/mL to T0 = 14.7 K at δ = 0.66 mg/mL.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma16134850</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Cooling ; Ferrofluids ; Frequency variation ; Hexanes ; Iron oxides ; Magnetic fields ; Magnetic induction ; Magnetic relaxation ; Nanoparticles ; Temperature ; Transmission electron microscopy</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2023-07, Vol.16 (13), p.4850</ispartof><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-bf265a6e39d54ba92c052e2a69118a8f0fbe5c5bf2d7fa0c582b6a2dcd446d003</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-bf265a6e39d54ba92c052e2a69118a8f0fbe5c5bf2d7fa0c582b6a2dcd446d003</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10343855/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10343855/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27923,27924,53790,53792</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Botez, Cristian E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mussslewhite, Zachary</creatorcontrib><title>Evidence of Individual Superspin Relaxation in Diluted Fe3O4/Hexane Ferrofluids</title><title>Materials</title><description>We used dc magnetization and ac susceptibility to investigate the magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids made of 8 nm average-diameter Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Samples of different concentrations (δ) spanning two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.66 to 0.005 mg (Fe3O4)/mL (hexane) were used to vary the interparticle interaction strength. Our data reveal a critical concentration, δc = 0.02 mg/mL, below which the ferrofluid behaves like an ideal nanoparticle ensemble where the superspins relax individually according to a Néel–Brown activation law τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT with a characteristic time τo ~10−9 s. That is further confirmed by the observed invariance of the relative peak temperature variation per frequency decade ∆=∆TT·∆log(f), which stays constant at ~0.185 when δ < δc. At higher concentrations, between 0.02 and 0.66 mg/mL, we found that Δ exhibits a monotonic increase with the inverse concentration, 1δ, and the collective superspin dynamics is described by a Vogel–Fulcher law, τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT−T0. 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Mussslewhite, Zachary</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-bf265a6e39d54ba92c052e2a69118a8f0fbe5c5bf2d7fa0c582b6a2dcd446d003</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Cooling</topic><topic>Ferrofluids</topic><topic>Frequency variation</topic><topic>Hexanes</topic><topic>Iron oxides</topic><topic>Magnetic fields</topic><topic>Magnetic induction</topic><topic>Magnetic relaxation</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Transmission electron microscopy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Botez, Cristian E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mussslewhite, Zachary</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Botez, Cristian E.</au><au>Mussslewhite, Zachary</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evidence of Individual Superspin Relaxation in Diluted Fe3O4/Hexane Ferrofluids</atitle><jtitle>Materials</jtitle><date>2023-07-06</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>13</issue><spage>4850</spage><pages>4850-</pages><issn>1996-1944</issn><eissn>1996-1944</eissn><abstract>We used dc magnetization and ac susceptibility to investigate the magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids made of 8 nm average-diameter Fe3O4 nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Samples of different concentrations (δ) spanning two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.66 to 0.005 mg (Fe3O4)/mL (hexane) were used to vary the interparticle interaction strength. Our data reveal a critical concentration, δc = 0.02 mg/mL, below which the ferrofluid behaves like an ideal nanoparticle ensemble where the superspins relax individually according to a Néel–Brown activation law τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT with a characteristic time τo ~10−9 s. That is further confirmed by the observed invariance of the relative peak temperature variation per frequency decade ∆=∆TT·∆log(f), which stays constant at ~0.185 when δ < δc. At higher concentrations, between 0.02 and 0.66 mg/mL, we found that Δ exhibits a monotonic increase with the inverse concentration, 1δ, and the collective superspin dynamics is described by a Vogel–Fulcher law, τ(T) =τ0expEBkBT−T0. Within this regime, the dipolar interaction strength parameter T0 increases from T0 = 0 K at δc = 0.02 mg/mL to T0 = 14.7 K at δ = 0.66 mg/mL.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/ma16134850</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Cooling Ferrofluids Frequency variation Hexanes Iron oxides Magnetic fields Magnetic induction Magnetic relaxation Nanoparticles Temperature Transmission electron microscopy |
title | Evidence of Individual Superspin Relaxation in Diluted Fe3O4/Hexane Ferrofluids |
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