Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in end...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2023-06, Vol.15 (12), p.2700 |
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| creator | Pellicer-Caller, Roberto Vaquero-Cristóbal, Raquel González-Gálvez, Noelia Abenza-Cano, Lucía Horcajo, Javier de la Vega-Marcos, Ricardo |
| description | The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in endurance tests lasting 45 min to 3 h. A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (
< 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (
= 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (
= 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (
= 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (
= 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (
< 0.001), HR (
< 0.001), and skin temperature (
= 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (
< 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu15122700 |
| format | Article |
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< 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (
= 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (
= 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (
= 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (
= 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (
< 0.001), HR (
< 0.001), and skin temperature (
= 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (
< 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu15122700</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37375605</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Athletes ; Body mass ; Carbohydrates ; Dehydration ; Electrolytes ; Endurance sports ; Environmental conditions ; Environmental quality ; Fatigue ; Fatigue tests ; Heart rate ; Homeostasis ; Hydration ; Hypoglycemia ; Meta-analysis ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Oxidation ; Performance evaluation ; Physiology ; Review ; Reviews ; Skin temperature ; Systematic review ; Temperature gradients</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2023-06, Vol.15 (12), p.2700</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-cafc5a57f9e2bb9c078a6f34cfe64b96216364f642d5449bb590a640bacfd0963</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-cafc5a57f9e2bb9c078a6f34cfe64b96216364f642d5449bb590a640bacfd0963</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2708-4817 ; 0000-0001-9583-737X ; 0000-0002-7291-3306 ; 0000-0002-7395-3297</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305101/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305101/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37375605$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pellicer-Caller, Roberto</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vaquero-Cristóbal, Raquel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>González-Gálvez, Noelia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abenza-Cano, Lucía</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Horcajo, Javier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de la Vega-Marcos, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis</title><title>Nutrients</title><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><description>The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in endurance tests lasting 45 min to 3 h. A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (
< 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (
= 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (
= 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (
= 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (
= 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (
< 0.001), HR (
< 0.001), and skin temperature (
= 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (
< 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.</description><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Dehydration</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>Endurance sports</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Environmental quality</subject><subject>Fatigue</subject><subject>Fatigue tests</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Homeostasis</subject><subject>Hydration</subject><subject>Hypoglycemia</subject><subject>Meta-analysis</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Performance evaluation</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>Skin temperature</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Temperature gradients</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNptkttu1DAQhiMEolXpDQ-ALHGDKm1xfEy4QavVLq1UQGLhOnKc8dZVYi-2s2VfiyfEaUsPCPvCY_ub_9eMpihel_iU0hq_d2PJS0Ikxs-KQ4IlmQnB6PNH8UFxHOMVnpbEUtCXxQGVVHKB-WHx-9yZfgSnAXmDlr_8BpwfI1opnXyI6Bv0KkGHkkdfxhRsst6pHinXobN9F9R0R-uUA9hYiDcfS7ezwbsBXMrowrvuJi2ijK5yxmYEZF3GujGoyXm99SHFD2iO1vuYYMiMzs47C9fo2qZL9BmSms2z8T7a-Kp4YVQf4fjuPCp-rJbfF2ezi6-fzhfzi5lmkqWZVkZzxaWpgbRtrbGslDCUaQOCtbUgpaCCGcFIxxmr25bXWAmGW6VNh2tBj4qPt7rbsR2g07mcoPpmG-ygwr7xyjZPf5y9bDZ-15SYYl7iMiu8u1MI_ucIMTWDjRr6XjnITW5IRbEQVYYz-vYf9MqPIVc8UaSumOSYP1Ab1UNjnfHZWE-izVzyihFcUZKp0_9QeXcwWO0dGJvfnySc3Cbo4GMMYO6LLHEzTVnzMGUZfvO4Lffo35mifwCPfc8t</recordid><startdate>20230609</startdate><enddate>20230609</enddate><creator>Pellicer-Caller, Roberto</creator><creator>Vaquero-Cristóbal, Raquel</creator><creator>González-Gálvez, Noelia</creator><creator>Abenza-Cano, Lucía</creator><creator>Horcajo, Javier</creator><creator>de la Vega-Marcos, Ricardo</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-4817</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-737X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-3306</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-3297</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230609</creationdate><title>Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis</title><author>Pellicer-Caller, Roberto ; 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A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (
< 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (
= 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (
= 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (
= 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (
= 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (
< 0.001), HR (
< 0.001), and skin temperature (
= 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (
< 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37375605</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu15122700</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-4817</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-737X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-3306</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-3297</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Athletes Body mass Carbohydrates Dehydration Electrolytes Endurance sports Environmental conditions Environmental quality Fatigue Fatigue tests Heart rate Homeostasis Hydration Hypoglycemia Meta-analysis Metabolism Metabolites Oxidation Performance evaluation Physiology Review Reviews Skin temperature Systematic review Temperature gradients |
| title | Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis |
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