Impact Behaviour of Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
Concrete protective structures are mainly meant to withstand impact loads. However, fire events weaken concrete and reduce its impact resistance. This study investigated the impact behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperat...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Materials 2023-05, Vol.16 (11), p.4096 |
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| description | Concrete protective structures are mainly meant to withstand impact loads. However, fire events weaken concrete and reduce its impact resistance. This study investigated the impact behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures (i.e., 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). Hydration products' stability under elevated temperatures, their effects on the fibre-matrix bond, and, consequently, AAS's static and dynamic responses were investigated. The results reveal that adopting the performance-based design concept to achieve a balance between AAS mixtures' performance under ambient and elevated temperatures is a crucial designing aspect. Advancing hydration products' formation will increase the fibre-matrix bond at ambient temperature while negatively affecting it at elevated temperatures. High amounts of formed and, eventually, decomposed hydration products at elevated temperatures reduced the residual strength due to lowering the fibre-matrix bond and developing internal micro-cracks. Steel fibre's role in reinforcing the hydrostatic core formed during impact loads and delaying crack initiation was emphasized. These findings highlight the need to integrate material and structure design to achieve optimum performance and that low-grade materials can be desired based on the targeted performance. A set of empirical equations for the correlation between steel fibre content in the AAS mixture and corresponding impact performance before and after fire exposure was provided and verified. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ma16114096 |
| format | Article |
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However, fire events weaken concrete and reduce its impact resistance. This study investigated the impact behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures (i.e., 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). Hydration products' stability under elevated temperatures, their effects on the fibre-matrix bond, and, consequently, AAS's static and dynamic responses were investigated. The results reveal that adopting the performance-based design concept to achieve a balance between AAS mixtures' performance under ambient and elevated temperatures is a crucial designing aspect. Advancing hydration products' formation will increase the fibre-matrix bond at ambient temperature while negatively affecting it at elevated temperatures. High amounts of formed and, eventually, decomposed hydration products at elevated temperatures reduced the residual strength due to lowering the fibre-matrix bond and developing internal micro-cracks. Steel fibre's role in reinforcing the hydrostatic core formed during impact loads and delaying crack initiation was emphasized. These findings highlight the need to integrate material and structure design to achieve optimum performance and that low-grade materials can be desired based on the targeted performance. A set of empirical equations for the correlation between steel fibre content in the AAS mixture and corresponding impact performance before and after fire exposure was provided and verified.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma16114096</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37297228</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Ambient temperature ; Caustic soda ; Crack initiation ; Density ; Empirical equations ; Fiber reinforced concretes ; Fiber-matrix adhesion ; Fire exposure ; High temperature ; Hydration ; Impact loads ; Impact resistance ; Mechanical properties ; Microcracks ; Mixtures ; Protective structures ; Reinforced concrete ; Reinforcing steels ; Residual strength ; Silica ; Slag ; Sodium ; Steel fibers ; Temperature ; Tensile strength</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2023-05, Vol.16 (11), p.4096</ispartof><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c407t-f057dcf626da827fbfe308adaa1375a5d9a83aa59287a4d1b530a3827e1768a03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c407t-f057dcf626da827fbfe308adaa1375a5d9a83aa59287a4d1b530a3827e1768a03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4785-9280</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10254662/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10254662/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37297228$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Abubakr, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soliman, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><title>Impact Behaviour of Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures</title><title>Materials</title><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><description>Concrete protective structures are mainly meant to withstand impact loads. However, fire events weaken concrete and reduce its impact resistance. This study investigated the impact behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures (i.e., 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). Hydration products' stability under elevated temperatures, their effects on the fibre-matrix bond, and, consequently, AAS's static and dynamic responses were investigated. The results reveal that adopting the performance-based design concept to achieve a balance between AAS mixtures' performance under ambient and elevated temperatures is a crucial designing aspect. Advancing hydration products' formation will increase the fibre-matrix bond at ambient temperature while negatively affecting it at elevated temperatures. High amounts of formed and, eventually, decomposed hydration products at elevated temperatures reduced the residual strength due to lowering the fibre-matrix bond and developing internal micro-cracks. Steel fibre's role in reinforcing the hydrostatic core formed during impact loads and delaying crack initiation was emphasized. These findings highlight the need to integrate material and structure design to achieve optimum performance and that low-grade materials can be desired based on the targeted performance. A set of empirical equations for the correlation between steel fibre content in the AAS mixture and corresponding impact performance before and after fire exposure was provided and verified.</description><subject>Ambient temperature</subject><subject>Caustic soda</subject><subject>Crack initiation</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Empirical equations</subject><subject>Fiber reinforced concretes</subject><subject>Fiber-matrix adhesion</subject><subject>Fire exposure</subject><subject>High temperature</subject><subject>Hydration</subject><subject>Impact loads</subject><subject>Impact resistance</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Microcracks</subject><subject>Mixtures</subject><subject>Protective structures</subject><subject>Reinforced concrete</subject><subject>Reinforcing steels</subject><subject>Residual strength</subject><subject>Silica</subject><subject>Slag</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Steel fibers</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Tensile strength</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkd9rFDEQx4MottS--AfIgi8irObXZpMnOY9rLRQEW5_D3O5smzO7WZPsof99o1drdV5mmPnwZWa-hLxk9J0Qhr4fgSnGJDXqCTlmxqiaGSmfPqqPyGlKO1pCCKa5eU6ORMtNy7k-JruLcYYuVx_xFvYuLLEKQ3WVEX195rYR6y_opiHEDvtq5b-Bd_Wqy24PuTSuPNxU6zB1ETNWmx9zSKWbQ7XxeCCucZwxQl4iphfk2QA-4el9PiFfzzbX60_15efzi_Xqsu4kbXM90Kbtu0Fx1YPm7bAdUFANPQATbQNNb0ALgMZw3YLs2bYRFEQhkbVKAxUn5MNBd162I_YdTjmCt3N0I8SfNoCz_04md2tvwt4yyhupFC8Kb-4VYvi-YMp2dKlD72HCsCTLNZfKKKVEQV__h-7KE6dy32-KSkm1LNTbA9XFkFLE4WEbRu0vG-1fGwv86vH-D-gf08QdPMuYgQ</recordid><startdate>20230531</startdate><enddate>20230531</enddate><creator>Abubakr, Ahmed</creator><creator>Soliman, Ahmed</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-9280</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230531</creationdate><title>Impact Behaviour of Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures</title><author>Abubakr, Ahmed ; Soliman, Ahmed</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c407t-f057dcf626da827fbfe308adaa1375a5d9a83aa59287a4d1b530a3827e1768a03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Ambient temperature</topic><topic>Caustic soda</topic><topic>Crack initiation</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Empirical equations</topic><topic>Fiber reinforced concretes</topic><topic>Fiber-matrix adhesion</topic><topic>Fire exposure</topic><topic>High temperature</topic><topic>Hydration</topic><topic>Impact loads</topic><topic>Impact resistance</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Microcracks</topic><topic>Mixtures</topic><topic>Protective structures</topic><topic>Reinforced concrete</topic><topic>Reinforcing steels</topic><topic>Residual strength</topic><topic>Silica</topic><topic>Slag</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Steel fibers</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Tensile strength</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Abubakr, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soliman, Ahmed</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abubakr, Ahmed</au><au>Soliman, Ahmed</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact Behaviour of Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures</atitle><jtitle>Materials</jtitle><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><date>2023-05-31</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>4096</spage><pages>4096-</pages><issn>1996-1944</issn><eissn>1996-1944</eissn><abstract>Concrete protective structures are mainly meant to withstand impact loads. However, fire events weaken concrete and reduce its impact resistance. This study investigated the impact behaviour of steel-fibre-reinforced alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures (i.e., 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). Hydration products' stability under elevated temperatures, their effects on the fibre-matrix bond, and, consequently, AAS's static and dynamic responses were investigated. The results reveal that adopting the performance-based design concept to achieve a balance between AAS mixtures' performance under ambient and elevated temperatures is a crucial designing aspect. Advancing hydration products' formation will increase the fibre-matrix bond at ambient temperature while negatively affecting it at elevated temperatures. High amounts of formed and, eventually, decomposed hydration products at elevated temperatures reduced the residual strength due to lowering the fibre-matrix bond and developing internal micro-cracks. Steel fibre's role in reinforcing the hydrostatic core formed during impact loads and delaying crack initiation was emphasized. These findings highlight the need to integrate material and structure design to achieve optimum performance and that low-grade materials can be desired based on the targeted performance. A set of empirical equations for the correlation between steel fibre content in the AAS mixture and corresponding impact performance before and after fire exposure was provided and verified.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37297228</pmid><doi>10.3390/ma16114096</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-9280</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Ambient temperature Caustic soda Crack initiation Density Empirical equations Fiber reinforced concretes Fiber-matrix adhesion Fire exposure High temperature Hydration Impact loads Impact resistance Mechanical properties Microcracks Mixtures Protective structures Reinforced concrete Reinforcing steels Residual strength Silica Slag Sodium Steel fibers Temperature Tensile strength |
| title | Impact Behaviour of Steel-Fibre-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures |
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