Pathways and Referral of Patients with Cancer in Rural Ethiopia: A Multi-center Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract Introduction Well-organized patient pathways are essential to achieve early diagnosis and timely treatment of patients with cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective cohort study describes pathways and referral patterns of cancer patients in rural Ethiopia. Patients and Methods The retrospective study took place from October to December 2020 at 2 primary- and 6 secondary-level hospitals in southwestern Ethiopia. Of 681 eligible patients diagnosed with cancer between July 2017 and June 2020, 365 patients were included. Structured interviews on the patients’ pathways were conducted by telephone. The primary outcome was successful referral, which was defined as occurring when the intended procedure was initiated at the receiving institution. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with successful referrals. Results Patients visited on average 3 health care institutions from their first encounter with a provider until their final treatment initiation. After diagnosis, only 26% (95) of patients were referred for further cancer treatment, of which 73% were successful. Patients referred for diagnostic tests were 10 times more likely to complete referrals successfully than patients referred for treatment. Overall, 21% of all patients remained without any therapy. Conclusion We found that referral pathways of patients with cancer in rural Ethiopia were largely cohesive. The majority of patients referred for diagnostic or treatment services followed the advice. Nevertheless, an unacceptable number of patients remained without any treatment. Capacity for cancer diagnosis and treatment at primary- and secondary-level health facilities in rural Ethiopia must be expanded to enable early detection and timely care. Disorganized patient referral pathways may cause delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article describes referral patterns and pathways of patients diagnosed at primary and secondary hospitals in rural Ethiopia and assesses factors that contributed to the successful completion of referrals. Opportunities to increase early cancer diagnosis and treatment are identified.