Autophagic-Related Proteins in Brain Gliomas: Role, Mechanisms, and Targeting Agents
The present review focuses on the phenomenon of autophagy, a catabolic cellular process, which allows for the recycling of damaged organelles, macromolecules, and misfolded proteins. The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Cancers 2023-05, Vol.15 (9), p.2622 |
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| creator | Pizzimenti, Cristina Fiorentino, Vincenzo Franchina, Mariausilia Martini, Maurizio Giuffrè, Giuseppe Lentini, Maria Silvestris, Nicola Di Pietro, Martina Fadda, Guido Tuccari, Giovanni Ieni, Antonio |
| description | The present review focuses on the phenomenon of autophagy, a catabolic cellular process, which allows for the recycling of damaged organelles, macromolecules, and misfolded proteins. The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by the action of several autophagy-related proteins. It is remarkable that autophagy may exert a double role as a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Herein, we analyse the molecular mechanisms as well as the regulatory pathways of autophagy, mainly addressing their involvement in human astrocytic neoplasms. Moreover, the relationships between autophagy, the tumour immune microenvironment, and glioma stem cells are discussed. Finally, an excursus concerning autophagy-targeting agents is included in the present review in order to obtain additional information for the better treatment and management of therapy-resistant patients. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/cancers15092622 |
| format | Article |
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The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by the action of several autophagy-related proteins. It is remarkable that autophagy may exert a double role as a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Herein, we analyse the molecular mechanisms as well as the regulatory pathways of autophagy, mainly addressing their involvement in human astrocytic neoplasms. Moreover, the relationships between autophagy, the tumour immune microenvironment, and glioma stem cells are discussed. Finally, an excursus concerning autophagy-targeting agents is included in the present review in order to obtain additional information for the better treatment and management of therapy-resistant patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6694</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6694</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092622</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37174088</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Angiogenesis ; Autophagy ; Brain ; Brain cancer ; Brain tumors ; Cell growth ; Cytoplasm ; Glioma cells ; Gliomas ; Homeostasis ; Hypoxia ; Immunosuppressive agents ; Kinases ; Macromolecules ; Metabolism ; Microenvironments ; Molecular modelling ; Organelles ; Patients ; Phosphorylation ; Physiology ; Protein folding ; Proteins ; Review ; Stem cells ; Transcription factors ; Tumor suppressor genes ; Tumors</subject><ispartof>Cancers, 2023-05, Vol.15 (9), p.2622</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Angiogenesis Autophagy Brain Brain cancer Brain tumors Cell growth Cytoplasm Glioma cells Gliomas Homeostasis Hypoxia Immunosuppressive agents Kinases Macromolecules Metabolism Microenvironments Molecular modelling Organelles Patients Phosphorylation Physiology Protein folding Proteins Review Stem cells Transcription factors Tumor suppressor genes Tumors |
| title | Autophagic-Related Proteins in Brain Gliomas: Role, Mechanisms, and Targeting Agents |
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