Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes
Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant im...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2024-04, Vol.274 (3), p.583-593 |
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| creator | Di Nicola, Marco Pepe, Maria De Mori, Lorenzo Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna Panaccione, Isabella Sani, Gabriele |
| description | Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant immune-inflammatory alterations. This study aimed to retrospectively characterize post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) and to evaluate the effects of antidepressants on physical and cognitive correlates of depression, in addition to mood, anxiety, and underlying inflammatory status. We evaluated 116 patients (44.8% males, 51.1 ± 17 years) with post-COVID-19 first-onset (38.8%) and recurrent (61.2%) MDE at baseline and after one- and three-month treatment with antidepressants (31% SSRIs, 25.9% SNRIs, 43.1% others). We assessed sociodemographic and clinical features and psychopathological dimensions through: Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales; Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire; Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-items. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated to measure inflammation levels. Alongside the reduction of depression and anxiety (
p
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| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7 |
| format | Article |
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p
< 0.001), physical and cognitive symptoms improved (
p
< 0.001) and inflammatory levels decreased (
p
< 0.001) throughout treatment in both groups. Post-COVID-19 recurrent MDE showed a significantly more severe course of physical and cognitive symptoms and persistently higher levels of inflammation than first-onset episodes. Antidepressants proved to be effective in both post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent MDE. However, a sustained inflammatory status might blunt treatment response in patients with recurrent depression in terms of physical correlates and cognition. Therefore, personalized approaches, possibly involving combinations with anti-inflammatory compounds, could promote better outcomes in this clinical population.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0940-1334</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1433-8491</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37154920</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Antidepressants ; Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Cognitive ability ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - complications ; Depression - drug therapy ; Depression - etiology ; Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - drug therapy ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Mental depression ; Neurosciences ; Original Paper ; Patients ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychiatry ; Questionnaires ; Retrospective Studies</subject><ispartof>European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2024-04, Vol.274 (3), p.583-593</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2023. 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The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-d7d8e13e9153878ca5a134873bf051a8b26749dd2a169bede0c4f337c050b7c93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-d7d8e13e9153878ca5a134873bf051a8b26749dd2a169bede0c4f337c050b7c93</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7457-0426</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,777,781,882,27905,27906,41469,42538,51300</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37154920$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Di Nicola, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pepe, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Mori, Lorenzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Panaccione, Isabella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sani, Gabriele</creatorcontrib><title>Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes</title><title>European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience</title><addtitle>Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci</addtitle><addtitle>Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci</addtitle><description>Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant immune-inflammatory alterations. This study aimed to retrospectively characterize post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) and to evaluate the effects of antidepressants on physical and cognitive correlates of depression, in addition to mood, anxiety, and underlying inflammatory status. We evaluated 116 patients (44.8% males, 51.1 ± 17 years) with post-COVID-19 first-onset (38.8%) and recurrent (61.2%) MDE at baseline and after one- and three-month treatment with antidepressants (31% SSRIs, 25.9% SNRIs, 43.1% others). We assessed sociodemographic and clinical features and psychopathological dimensions through: Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales; Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire; Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-items. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated to measure inflammation levels. Alongside the reduction of depression and anxiety (
p
< 0.001), physical and cognitive symptoms improved (
p
< 0.001) and inflammatory levels decreased (
p
< 0.001) throughout treatment in both groups. Post-COVID-19 recurrent MDE showed a significantly more severe course of physical and cognitive symptoms and persistently higher levels of inflammation than first-onset episodes. Antidepressants proved to be effective in both post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent MDE. However, a sustained inflammatory status might blunt treatment response in patients with recurrent depression in terms of physical correlates and cognition. Therefore, personalized approaches, possibly involving combinations with anti-inflammatory compounds, could promote better outcomes in this clinical population.</description><subject>Antidepressants</subject><subject>Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - complications</subject><subject>Depression - drug therapy</subject><subject>Depression - etiology</subject><subject>Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - drug therapy</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><issn>0940-1334</issn><issn>1433-8491</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1u1DAUhS0EokPhBVigSGxY4HIdO7GzQmgoUKlSWQBby3Fupq6SONjOSPMQvHMdppSfBSv_3O-ce-1DyHMGZwxAvokAAmoKJafAaiapfEA2THBOlWjYQ7KBRgBlnIsT8iTGGwBgVQmPyQmXrBJNCRvy4_P1ITprhsJMXWH9bnLJ7THvQsDBJIyvCzf1gxlHk3w4FAPucciXK54CmjTilIqAcfZTxMwWs4-Jbq--XbynrCl6F_JxraViH88yaZdsnTUdzlkW1244u-g7jE_Jo94MEZ_drafk64fzL9tP9PLq48X23SW1QlaJdrJTyDg2rOJKKmsqw7hQkrc9VMyotqylaLquNKxuWuwQrOg5lxYqaKVt-Cl5e_Sdl3bEzuZxghn0HNxowkF74_Tflcld653fa5Y_uoaqzA6v7hyC_75gTHp00eIwmAn9EnWpGKtqpZTI6Mt_0Bu_hCm_T3PgpRIVwDpSeaRs8DEG7O-nYaDXuPUxbp3j1j_j1jKLXvz5jnvJr3wzwI9AzKVph-F37__Y3gKIabgg</recordid><startdate>20240401</startdate><enddate>20240401</enddate><creator>Di Nicola, Marco</creator><creator>Pepe, Maria</creator><creator>De Mori, Lorenzo</creator><creator>Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna</creator><creator>Panaccione, Isabella</creator><creator>Sani, Gabriele</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-0426</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240401</creationdate><title>Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes</title><author>Di Nicola, Marco ; Pepe, Maria ; De Mori, Lorenzo ; Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna ; Panaccione, Isabella ; Sani, Gabriele</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-d7d8e13e9153878ca5a134873bf051a8b26749dd2a169bede0c4f337c050b7c93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Antidepressants</topic><topic>Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - complications</topic><topic>Depression - drug therapy</topic><topic>Depression - etiology</topic><topic>Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - drug therapy</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Psychiatric Status Rating Scales</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Di Nicola, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pepe, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Mori, Lorenzo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Panaccione, Isabella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sani, Gabriele</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Di Nicola, Marco</au><au>Pepe, Maria</au><au>De Mori, Lorenzo</au><au>Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna</au><au>Panaccione, Isabella</au><au>Sani, Gabriele</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes</atitle><jtitle>European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience</jtitle><stitle>Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci</stitle><addtitle>Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci</addtitle><date>2024-04-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>274</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>583</spage><epage>593</epage><pages>583-593</pages><issn>0940-1334</issn><eissn>1433-8491</eissn><abstract>Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. 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The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated to measure inflammation levels. Alongside the reduction of depression and anxiety (
p
< 0.001), physical and cognitive symptoms improved (
p
< 0.001) and inflammatory levels decreased (
p
< 0.001) throughout treatment in both groups. Post-COVID-19 recurrent MDE showed a significantly more severe course of physical and cognitive symptoms and persistently higher levels of inflammation than first-onset episodes. Antidepressants proved to be effective in both post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent MDE. However, a sustained inflammatory status might blunt treatment response in patients with recurrent depression in terms of physical correlates and cognition. Therefore, personalized approaches, possibly involving combinations with anti-inflammatory compounds, could promote better outcomes in this clinical population.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>37154920</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-0426</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Antidepressants Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use Anxiety Cognition Cognitive ability COVID-19 COVID-19 - complications Depression - drug therapy Depression - etiology Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology Female Humans Inflammation Inflammation - drug therapy Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mental depression Neurosciences Original Paper Patients Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychiatry Questionnaires Retrospective Studies |
| title | Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes |
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