Sequential action of antibacterial effectors in Dictyostelium discoideum phagosomes

Mammalian professional phagocytic cells ingest and kill invading microorganisms and prevent the development of bacterial infections. Our understanding of the sequence of events that results in bacterial killing and permeabilization in phagosomes is still largely incomplete. In this study, we used the Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba as a model phagocyte to study the fate of the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae inside phagosomes. Our analysis distinguishes three consecutive phases: bacteria first lose their ability to divide (killing), then their cytosolic content is altered (permeabilization), and finally their DNA is degraded (digestion). Phagosomal acidification and production of free radicals are necessary for rapid killing, membrane‐permeabilizing proteins BpiC and AlyL are required for efficient permeabilization. These results illustrate how a combination of genetic and microscopical tools can be used to finely dissect the molecular events leading to bacterial killing and permeabilization in a maturing phagosome. Following phagocytosis, internalized Klebsiella pneumoniae are killed within a few minutes. Phagosomal acidification and production of free radicals are necessary for rapid killing, and membrane‐permeabilizing proteins BpiC and AlyL are required for efficient permeabilization. Digestion of the bacterial content, in particular of bacterial DNA, is then initiated and extends over a period of 30 to 60 min.