The Preventive Effect of Exercise and Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Obesity-Induced Brain Changes in Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice
Exercise and dietary interventions are promising approaches to tackle obesity and its obesogenic effects on the brain. We investigated the impact of exercise and possible synergistic effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on the brain and behavior in high-fat-diet...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2023-03, Vol.15 (7), p.1716 |
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| creator | Lohkamp, Klara J van den Hoek, Anita M Solé-Guardia, Gemma Lisovets, Maria Alves Hoffmann, Talissa Velanaki, Konstantina Geenen, Bram Verweij, Vivienne Morrison, Martine C Kleemann, Robert Wiesmann, Maximilian Kiliaan, Amanda J |
| description | Exercise and dietary interventions are promising approaches to tackle obesity and its obesogenic effects on the brain. We investigated the impact of exercise and possible synergistic effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on the brain and behavior in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. Baseline measurements were performed in chow-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice to assess metabolic risk factors, cognition, and brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging. Thereafter, a subgroup was sacrificed, serving as a healthy reference. The remaining mice were fed an HFD and divided into three groups: (i) no exercise, (ii) exercise, or (iii) exercise and dietary BCAA. Mice were followed for 6 months and aforementioned tests were repeated. We found that exercise alone changed cerebral blood flow, attenuated white matter loss, and reduced neuroinflammation compared to non-exercising HFD-fed mice. Contrarily, no favorable effects of exercise on the brain were found in combination with BCAA, and neuroinflammation was increased. However, cognition was slightly improved in exercising mice on BCAA. Moreover, BCAA and exercise increased the percentage of epididymal white adipose tissue and muscle weight, decreased body weight and fasting insulin levels, improved the circadian rhythm, and transiently improved grip strength. In conclusion, BCAA should be supplemented with caution, although beneficial effects on metabolism, behavior, and cognition were observed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu15071716 |
| format | Article |
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We investigated the impact of exercise and possible synergistic effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on the brain and behavior in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. Baseline measurements were performed in chow-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice to assess metabolic risk factors, cognition, and brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging. Thereafter, a subgroup was sacrificed, serving as a healthy reference. The remaining mice were fed an HFD and divided into three groups: (i) no exercise, (ii) exercise, or (iii) exercise and dietary BCAA. Mice were followed for 6 months and aforementioned tests were repeated. We found that exercise alone changed cerebral blood flow, attenuated white matter loss, and reduced neuroinflammation compared to non-exercising HFD-fed mice. Contrarily, no favorable effects of exercise on the brain were found in combination with BCAA, and neuroinflammation was increased. However, cognition was slightly improved in exercising mice on BCAA. Moreover, BCAA and exercise increased the percentage of epididymal white adipose tissue and muscle weight, decreased body weight and fasting insulin levels, improved the circadian rhythm, and transiently improved grip strength. In conclusion, BCAA should be supplemented with caution, although beneficial effects on metabolism, behavior, and cognition were observed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu15071716</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37049556</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adipose tissue ; Amino acids ; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain ; Animal cognition ; Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood flow ; Body fat ; Body weight ; Brain ; Brain - metabolism ; Brain research ; Cerebral blood flow ; Chain branching ; Chains ; Circadian rhythms ; Cognition ; Cognitive ability ; Dementia ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat - adverse effects ; Dietary Supplements ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Grip strength ; High fat diet ; Hypertension ; Inflammation ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Longitudinal studies ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Medical imaging ; Metabolic disorders ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Mice ; Musculoskeletal system ; Neuroimaging ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; Obesity ; Obesity - metabolism ; Physical fitness ; Physiology ; Proteins ; Risk factors ; Subgroups ; Substantia alba ; Synergistic effect</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2023-03, Vol.15 (7), p.1716</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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We investigated the impact of exercise and possible synergistic effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on the brain and behavior in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. Baseline measurements were performed in chow-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice to assess metabolic risk factors, cognition, and brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging. Thereafter, a subgroup was sacrificed, serving as a healthy reference. The remaining mice were fed an HFD and divided into three groups: (i) no exercise, (ii) exercise, or (iii) exercise and dietary BCAA. Mice were followed for 6 months and aforementioned tests were repeated. We found that exercise alone changed cerebral blood flow, attenuated white matter loss, and reduced neuroinflammation compared to non-exercising HFD-fed mice. Contrarily, no favorable effects of exercise on the brain were found in combination with BCAA, and neuroinflammation was increased. However, cognition was slightly improved in exercising mice on BCAA. Moreover, BCAA and exercise increased the percentage of epididymal white adipose tissue and muscle weight, decreased body weight and fasting insulin levels, improved the circadian rhythm, and transiently improved grip strength. In conclusion, BCAA should be supplemented with caution, although beneficial effects on metabolism, behavior, and cognition were observed.</description><subject>Adipose tissue</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Amino Acids, Branched-Chain</subject><subject>Animal cognition</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Body fat</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - metabolism</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cerebral blood flow</subject><subject>Chain branching</subject><subject>Chains</subject><subject>Circadian rhythms</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Dementia</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Diet, High-Fat - adverse effects</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Grip strength</subject><subject>High fat diet</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Insulin</subject><subject>Insulin Resistance</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Neuroinflammatory Diseases</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Obesity - 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We investigated the impact of exercise and possible synergistic effects of exercise and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation on the brain and behavior in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice. Baseline measurements were performed in chow-fed Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice to assess metabolic risk factors, cognition, and brain structure using magnetic resonance imaging. Thereafter, a subgroup was sacrificed, serving as a healthy reference. The remaining mice were fed an HFD and divided into three groups: (i) no exercise, (ii) exercise, or (iii) exercise and dietary BCAA. Mice were followed for 6 months and aforementioned tests were repeated. We found that exercise alone changed cerebral blood flow, attenuated white matter loss, and reduced neuroinflammation compared to non-exercising HFD-fed mice. Contrarily, no favorable effects of exercise on the brain were found in combination with BCAA, and neuroinflammation was increased. However, cognition was slightly improved in exercising mice on BCAA. Moreover, BCAA and exercise increased the percentage of epididymal white adipose tissue and muscle weight, decreased body weight and fasting insulin levels, improved the circadian rhythm, and transiently improved grip strength. In conclusion, BCAA should be supplemented with caution, although beneficial effects on metabolism, behavior, and cognition were observed.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>37049556</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu15071716</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4996-943X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-8446</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1412-398X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-3097</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-8904</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-0149</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Nutrients, 2023-03, Vol.15 (7), p.1716 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adipose tissue Amino acids Amino Acids, Branched-Chain Animal cognition Animals Atherosclerosis Blood flow Body fat Body weight Brain Brain - metabolism Brain research Cerebral blood flow Chain branching Chains Circadian rhythms Cognition Cognitive ability Dementia Diet Diet, High-Fat - adverse effects Dietary Supplements Exercise Glucose Grip strength High fat diet Hypertension Inflammation Insulin Insulin Resistance Longitudinal studies Magnetic resonance imaging Medical imaging Metabolic disorders Metabolism Metabolites Mice Musculoskeletal system Neuroimaging Neuroinflammatory Diseases Obesity Obesity - metabolism Physical fitness Physiology Proteins Risk factors Subgroups Substantia alba Synergistic effect |
| title | The Preventive Effect of Exercise and Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Obesity-Induced Brain Changes in Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice |
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