Risk factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case–control study in Nepal
Background/aimsWe aimed to examine risk factors for corneal ulcer in a rural and peri-urban setting in Nepal.MethodsThis population-based matched case–control study was nested in a cluster randomised trial in 24 village development committees in Nepal. Incidence density sampling was used to match in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | British journal of ophthalmology 2023-12, Vol.107 (12), p.1771-1775 |
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| creator | Byanju, Raghunandan Kandel, Ram Prasad Poudyal, Bimal Bhandari, Sadhan Ligal, Anju Pradhan, Sangita Gautam, Maria Shrestha, Puspa Sah, Ranjeet Kumar Gonzales, John A Porco, Travis C Whitcher, John P Srinivasan, Muthiah Upadhyay, Madan Prasad Lietman, Thomas M Keenan, Jeremy David O'Brien, Kieran S Khadka, Kamal Bahadur Bista, Dikshya Gautam, Mariya Giri, Puspa Kayastha, Sajani Parajuli, Tulsi Prasad Sharma, Niraj Sharma, Prafulla Shrestha, Anju Shrestha, Manisha Subedi, Pradeep Chaudhary, Daya Shankar Ghimire, Ramesh Adhikari, Manmohan Hamal, Vivek Bhandari, Gopal Dahal, Gokul Gurung, Jeevan Bhattarai, Dipak Bhattarai, Rabin Chapagain, Dipak Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar Gautam, Shree Krishna Gurau, Dhanmaya Kandel, Deepak Lamichhane, Pradip Chandara Rijal, Rajendra Giri, Gaurav Acharya, Nisha R McLeod, Stephen D Ramirez, David A Ray, Kathryn J Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer Cotter, Sun Y Kim, Jessica Lee, Salena Maamari, Robi N Basset, Ken Chase, Heidi Evans, Lauren Gilbert, Suzanne Moses, Deborah Tenzing, Chundak Choudhary, Shravan Dhakwa, Parami Fletcher, Daniel A Reber, Clay D |
| description | Background/aimsWe aimed to examine risk factors for corneal ulcer in a rural and peri-urban setting in Nepal.MethodsThis population-based matched case–control study was nested in a cluster randomised trial in 24 village development committees in Nepal. Incidence density sampling was used to match incident corneal opacity cases to controls, matching on time of opacity, age, sex and location. Cases and controls were invited to participate in a survey of risk factors for corneal ulcer. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.ResultsOf the 540 participants with incident opacities identified in the trial, 433 were willing to participate in this substudy and matched to a control. Compared with controls, cases had lower odds of having any education vs no education (adjusted OR, aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), working in non-manual labour occupations vs manual labour occupations (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95) and preferring medical shops for ocular trauma versus eye care system centres (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92). Cases had higher odds of protective goggle use versus no protection (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.0) and having an ocular injury vs none (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 4.3 to 13.6) compared with controls.ConclusionWe found ocular injury, manual labour and lower education to be strongly associated with the development of corneal ulcer. Given the persistent burden of corneal blindness in this area, prevention efforts could target efforts to increase access to care in areas where these factors are common. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bjo-2022-322141 |
| format | Article |
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Incidence density sampling was used to match incident corneal opacity cases to controls, matching on time of opacity, age, sex and location. Cases and controls were invited to participate in a survey of risk factors for corneal ulcer. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.ResultsOf the 540 participants with incident opacities identified in the trial, 433 were willing to participate in this substudy and matched to a control. Compared with controls, cases had lower odds of having any education vs no education (adjusted OR, aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), working in non-manual labour occupations vs manual labour occupations (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95) and preferring medical shops for ocular trauma versus eye care system centres (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92). Cases had higher odds of protective goggle use versus no protection (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.0) and having an ocular injury vs none (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 4.3 to 13.6) compared with controls.ConclusionWe found ocular injury, manual labour and lower education to be strongly associated with the development of corneal ulcer. Given the persistent burden of corneal blindness in this area, prevention efforts could target efforts to increase access to care in areas where these factors are common.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0007-1161</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1468-2079</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1468-2079</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322141</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36202599</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><subject>Case-Control Studies ; Censuses ; Clinical science ; Contact lenses ; Cornea ; Corneal Ulcer - epidemiology ; epidemiology ; Global positioning systems ; GPS ; Humans ; Nepal - epidemiology ; Population density ; Population-based studies ; Prevention ; public health ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Scandals ; Socioeconomic factors ; Trauma ; Ulcers ; Visual impairment</subject><ispartof>British journal of ophthalmology, 2023-12, Vol.107 (12), p.1771-1775</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2022 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2023 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b445t-493bc1e9b595a3afb4be70b4789d09aefe52c4c6db9b945fac2b9f7370c2133a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b445t-493bc1e9b595a3afb4be70b4789d09aefe52c4c6db9b945fac2b9f7370c2133a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8813-3171 ; 0000-0003-4413-2892 ; 0000-0002-1962-5321 ; 0000-0002-7118-1457 ; 0000-0003-0558-9793</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076439/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076439/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36202599$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Byanju, Raghunandan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kandel, Ram Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poudyal, Bimal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandari, Sadhan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ligal, Anju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pradhan, Sangita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Puspa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sah, Ranjeet Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonzales, John A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Porco, Travis C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitcher, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srinivasan, Muthiah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Upadhyay, Madan Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lietman, Thomas M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keenan, Jeremy David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Kieran S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khadka, Kamal Bahadur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bista, Dikshya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Mariya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giri, Puspa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kayastha, Sajani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parajuli, Tulsi Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Niraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Prafulla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Anju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Manisha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Subedi, Pradeep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhary, Daya Shankar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghimire, Ramesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adhikari, Manmohan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamal, Vivek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandari, Gopal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dahal, Gokul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurung, Jeevan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhattarai, Dipak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhattarai, Rabin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chapagain, Dipak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Shree Krishna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurau, Dhanmaya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kandel, Deepak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamichhane, Pradip Chandara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rijal, Rajendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giri, Gaurav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acharya, Nisha R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLeod, Stephen D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramirez, David A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ray, Kathryn J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cotter, Sun Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Salena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maamari, Robi N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Basset, Ken</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase, Heidi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evans, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gilbert, Suzanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moses, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenzing, Chundak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choudhary, Shravan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dhakwa, Parami</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fletcher, Daniel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reber, Clay D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Village-Integrated Eye Worker Trial Group</creatorcontrib><title>Risk factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case–control study in Nepal</title><title>British journal of ophthalmology</title><addtitle>Br J Ophthalmol</addtitle><addtitle>Br J Ophthalmol</addtitle><description>Background/aimsWe aimed to examine risk factors for corneal ulcer in a rural and peri-urban setting in Nepal.MethodsThis population-based matched case–control study was nested in a cluster randomised trial in 24 village development committees in Nepal. Incidence density sampling was used to match incident corneal opacity cases to controls, matching on time of opacity, age, sex and location. Cases and controls were invited to participate in a survey of risk factors for corneal ulcer. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.ResultsOf the 540 participants with incident opacities identified in the trial, 433 were willing to participate in this substudy and matched to a control. Compared with controls, cases had lower odds of having any education vs no education (adjusted OR, aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), working in non-manual labour occupations vs manual labour occupations (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95) and preferring medical shops for ocular trauma versus eye care system centres (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92). Cases had higher odds of protective goggle use versus no protection (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.0) and having an ocular injury vs none (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 4.3 to 13.6) compared with controls.ConclusionWe found ocular injury, manual labour and lower education to be strongly associated with the development of corneal ulcer. Given the persistent burden of corneal blindness in this area, prevention efforts could target efforts to increase access to care in areas where these factors are common.</description><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Censuses</subject><subject>Clinical science</subject><subject>Contact lenses</subject><subject>Cornea</subject><subject>Corneal Ulcer - epidemiology</subject><subject>epidemiology</subject><subject>Global positioning systems</subject><subject>GPS</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Nepal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Population density</subject><subject>Population-based studies</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>public health</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Scandals</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Trauma</subject><subject>Ulcers</subject><subject>Visual 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factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case–control study in Nepal</title><author>Byanju, Raghunandan ; Kandel, Ram Prasad ; Poudyal, Bimal ; Bhandari, Sadhan ; Ligal, Anju ; Pradhan, Sangita ; Gautam, Maria ; Shrestha, Puspa ; Sah, Ranjeet Kumar ; Gonzales, John A ; Porco, Travis C ; Whitcher, John P ; Srinivasan, Muthiah ; Upadhyay, Madan Prasad ; Lietman, Thomas M ; Keenan, Jeremy David ; O'Brien, Kieran S ; Khadka, Kamal Bahadur ; Bista, Dikshya ; Gautam, Mariya ; Giri, Puspa ; Kayastha, Sajani ; Parajuli, Tulsi Prasad ; Sharma, Niraj ; Sharma, Prafulla ; Shrestha, Anju ; Shrestha, Manisha ; Subedi, Pradeep ; Chaudhary, Daya Shankar ; Ghimire, Ramesh ; Adhikari, Manmohan ; Hamal, Vivek ; Bhandari, Gopal ; Dahal, Gokul ; Gurung, Jeevan ; Bhattarai, Dipak ; Bhattarai, Rabin ; Chapagain, Dipak ; Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar ; Gautam, Shree Krishna ; Gurau, Dhanmaya ; Kandel, Deepak ; Lamichhane, Pradip Chandara ; Rijal, Rajendra ; Giri, Gaurav ; Acharya, Nisha R ; McLeod, Stephen D ; Ramirez, David A ; Ray, Kathryn J ; Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer ; Cotter, Sun Y ; Kim, Jessica ; Lee, Salena ; Maamari, Robi N ; Basset, Ken ; Chase, Heidi ; Evans, Lauren ; Gilbert, Suzanne ; Moses, Deborah ; Tenzing, Chundak ; Choudhary, Shravan ; Dhakwa, Parami ; Fletcher, Daniel A ; Reber, Clay D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b445t-493bc1e9b595a3afb4be70b4789d09aefe52c4c6db9b945fac2b9f7370c2133a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Censuses</topic><topic>Clinical science</topic><topic>Contact lenses</topic><topic>Cornea</topic><topic>Corneal Ulcer - epidemiology</topic><topic>epidemiology</topic><topic>Global positioning systems</topic><topic>GPS</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Nepal - epidemiology</topic><topic>Population density</topic><topic>Population-based studies</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>public health</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Scandals</topic><topic>Socioeconomic factors</topic><topic>Trauma</topic><topic>Ulcers</topic><topic>Visual impairment</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Byanju, Raghunandan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kandel, Ram Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poudyal, Bimal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandari, Sadhan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ligal, Anju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pradhan, Sangita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Puspa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sah, Ranjeet Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonzales, John A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Porco, Travis C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whitcher, John P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srinivasan, Muthiah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Upadhyay, Madan Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lietman, Thomas M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keenan, Jeremy David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Kieran S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khadka, Kamal Bahadur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bista, Dikshya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Mariya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giri, Puspa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kayastha, Sajani</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parajuli, Tulsi Prasad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Niraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharma, Prafulla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Anju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shrestha, Manisha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Subedi, Pradeep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhary, Daya Shankar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghimire, Ramesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adhikari, Manmohan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamal, Vivek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandari, Gopal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dahal, Gokul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurung, Jeevan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhattarai, Dipak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhattarai, Rabin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chapagain, Dipak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Shree Krishna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurau, Dhanmaya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kandel, Deepak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamichhane, Pradip Chandara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rijal, Rajendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giri, Gaurav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acharya, Nisha R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLeod, Stephen D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramirez, David A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ray, Kathryn J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cotter, Sun Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Salena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maamari, Robi N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Basset, Ken</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chase, Heidi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Evans, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gilbert, Suzanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moses, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenzing, Chundak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choudhary, Shravan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dhakwa, Parami</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fletcher, Daniel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reber, Clay D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Village-Integrated Eye Worker Trial Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>British journal of ophthalmology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Byanju, Raghunandan</au><au>Kandel, Ram Prasad</au><au>Poudyal, Bimal</au><au>Bhandari, Sadhan</au><au>Ligal, Anju</au><au>Pradhan, Sangita</au><au>Gautam, Maria</au><au>Shrestha, Puspa</au><au>Sah, Ranjeet Kumar</au><au>Gonzales, John A</au><au>Porco, Travis C</au><au>Whitcher, John P</au><au>Srinivasan, Muthiah</au><au>Upadhyay, Madan Prasad</au><au>Lietman, Thomas M</au><au>Keenan, Jeremy David</au><au>O'Brien, Kieran S</au><au>Khadka, Kamal Bahadur</au><au>Bista, Dikshya</au><au>Gautam, Mariya</au><au>Giri, Puspa</au><au>Kayastha, Sajani</au><au>Parajuli, Tulsi Prasad</au><au>Sharma, Niraj</au><au>Sharma, Prafulla</au><au>Shrestha, Anju</au><au>Shrestha, Manisha</au><au>Subedi, Pradeep</au><au>Chaudhary, Daya Shankar</au><au>Ghimire, Ramesh</au><au>Adhikari, Manmohan</au><au>Hamal, Vivek</au><au>Bhandari, Gopal</au><au>Dahal, Gokul</au><au>Gurung, Jeevan</au><au>Bhattarai, Dipak</au><au>Bhattarai, Rabin</au><au>Chapagain, Dipak</au><au>Chaudhary, Ajay Kumar</au><au>Gautam, Shree Krishna</au><au>Gurau, Dhanmaya</au><au>Kandel, Deepak</au><au>Lamichhane, Pradip Chandara</au><au>Rijal, Rajendra</au><au>Giri, Gaurav</au><au>Acharya, Nisha R</au><au>McLeod, Stephen D</au><au>Ramirez, David A</au><au>Ray, Kathryn J</au><au>Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer</au><au>Cotter, Sun Y</au><au>Kim, Jessica</au><au>Lee, Salena</au><au>Maamari, Robi N</au><au>Basset, Ken</au><au>Chase, Heidi</au><au>Evans, Lauren</au><au>Gilbert, Suzanne</au><au>Moses, Deborah</au><au>Tenzing, Chundak</au><au>Choudhary, Shravan</au><au>Dhakwa, Parami</au><au>Fletcher, Daniel A</au><au>Reber, Clay D</au><aucorp>Village-Integrated Eye Worker Trial Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Risk factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case–control study in Nepal</atitle><jtitle>British journal of ophthalmology</jtitle><stitle>Br J Ophthalmol</stitle><addtitle>Br J Ophthalmol</addtitle><date>2023-12-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>107</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1771</spage><epage>1775</epage><pages>1771-1775</pages><issn>0007-1161</issn><issn>1468-2079</issn><eissn>1468-2079</eissn><abstract>Background/aimsWe aimed to examine risk factors for corneal ulcer in a rural and peri-urban setting in Nepal.MethodsThis population-based matched case–control study was nested in a cluster randomised trial in 24 village development committees in Nepal. Incidence density sampling was used to match incident corneal opacity cases to controls, matching on time of opacity, age, sex and location. Cases and controls were invited to participate in a survey of risk factors for corneal ulcer. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.ResultsOf the 540 participants with incident opacities identified in the trial, 433 were willing to participate in this substudy and matched to a control. Compared with controls, cases had lower odds of having any education vs no education (adjusted OR, aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), working in non-manual labour occupations vs manual labour occupations (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95) and preferring medical shops for ocular trauma versus eye care system centres (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92). Cases had higher odds of protective goggle use versus no protection (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.0) and having an ocular injury vs none (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 4.3 to 13.6) compared with controls.ConclusionWe found ocular injury, manual labour and lower education to be strongly associated with the development of corneal ulcer. Given the persistent burden of corneal blindness in this area, prevention efforts could target efforts to increase access to care in areas where these factors are common.</abstract><cop>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</pub><pmid>36202599</pmid><doi>10.1136/bjo-2022-322141</doi><tpages>5</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-3171</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-2892</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-5321</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-1457</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-9793</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0007-1161 |
| ispartof | British journal of ophthalmology, 2023-12, Vol.107 (12), p.1771-1775 |
| issn | 0007-1161 1468-2079 1468-2079 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_10076439 |
| source | MEDLINE; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Case-Control Studies Censuses Clinical science Contact lenses Cornea Corneal Ulcer - epidemiology epidemiology Global positioning systems GPS Humans Nepal - epidemiology Population density Population-based studies Prevention public health Questionnaires Risk Factors Scandals Socioeconomic factors Trauma Ulcers Visual impairment |
| title | Risk factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case–control study in Nepal |
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