Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2023-03, Vol.24 (6), p.5360 |
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| creator | Bernal-González, Karime Guadalupe Covantes-Rosales, Carlos Eduardo Camacho-Pérez, Milton Rafael Mercado-Salgado, Ulises Barajas-Carrillo, Victor Wagner Girón-Pérez, Daniel Alberto Montoya-Hidalgo, Ashley Carolina Díaz-Resendiz, Karina Janice Guadalupe Barcelos-García, Rocío Guadalupe Toledo-Ibarra, Gladys Alejandra Girón-Pérez, Manuel Iván |
| description | Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms24065360 |
| format | Article |
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However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. 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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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| ispartof | International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-03, Vol.24 (6), p.5360 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Adaptive immunity Animals Antigens B cells Cell differentiation Cell proliferation Cytokines Deregulation Ecosystem Ecosystems Enzymes Food contamination Humoral immunity Immune response Immune system Immunity Immunology Immunomodulation Infectious diseases Insecticides Invertebrates Metabolites Nontarget organisms Organisms Organophosphates Organophosphorus Compounds Organophosphorus pesticides Pathogens Pesticides Pesticides - toxicity Pests Phagocytosis Review Vectors Vertebrates |
| title | Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates |
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