A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco

Spodoptera species, representing widespread polyphagous insect pests, are resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxins used thus far as insecticides in transgenic plants. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of a cryIC gene by a novel template directed ligation-PCR method. This simple and ec...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 1996-12, Vol.93 (26), p.15012-15017
Hauptverfasser: Strizhov, Nicolai, Keller, Menachem, Mathur, Jaideep, Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna, Bosch, Dirk, Prudovsky, Evgenia, Schell, Jeff, Sneh, Baruch, Koncz, Csaba, Zilberstein, Aviah
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 15017
container_issue 26
container_start_page 15012
container_title Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS
container_volume 93
creator Strizhov, Nicolai
Keller, Menachem
Mathur, Jaideep
Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna
Bosch, Dirk
Prudovsky, Evgenia
Schell, Jeff
Sneh, Baruch
Koncz, Csaba
Zilberstein, Aviah
description Spodoptera species, representing widespread polyphagous insect pests, are resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxins used thus far as insecticides in transgenic plants. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of a cryIC gene by a novel template directed ligation-PCR method. This simple and economical method to construct large synthetic genes can be used when routine resynthesis of genes is required. Chemically phosphorylated adjacent oligonucleotides of the gene to be synthesized are assembled and ligated on a single-stranded, partially homologous template derived from a wild-type gene (cryIC in our case) by a thermostable Pfu DNA ligase using repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and ligation. The resulting synthetic DNA strands are selectively amplified by PCR with short specific flanking primers that are complementary only to the new synthetic DNA. Optimized expression of the synthetic cryIC gene in alfalfa and tobacco results in the production of 0.01-0.2% of total soluble proteins as CryIC toxin and provides protection against the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). To facilitate selection and breeding of Spodoptera-resistant plants, the cryIC gene was linked to a pat gene, conferring resistance to the herbicide BASTA.
doi_str_mv 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15012
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>jstor_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmed_primary_8986755</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>40819</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>40819</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-4830026077789be88e87378f41faecb8db3c1d08864784e2cbba0feb5990df993</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUFv0zAYhi0EGqVwR0gIixOHpTiJE9uIS6nGmDSJw8bZcpwvravMDrbD1gP_it_Bb8JZS8UuyJYsfe_7vPKnF6GXOVnkhJXvB6vCQpSLol7kFcmLR2iWE5FnNRXkMZoRUrCM04I-Rc9C2BJCRMXJCTrhgtesqmbo5xJf7WzcQDQaa7-7WOFzsHCKz6x2rbFrrPAnpU3fjwHHzejTyIANJuDfv3AGtnXR3Rl7ilfOduADvhpc64YIXmEPyReV1YCNxcu-U-liZVt87RqltXuOnqRZgBeHd46-fT67Xn3JLr-eX6yWl5muaBUzysu0SU0YY1w0wDlwVjLe0bxToBveNqXOW8J5TRmnUOimUaSDphKCtJ0Q5Rx92OfeqjXYtAJYaZXXJkinjOxN45XfydvRS9tPzzA2QZbk_szRxz2chjfQarDRq14O3txM0BTwULFmI9fuhyzqkrKEvz3g3n0fIUS5daO3aV1ZpMY443WVTGRv0t6F4KE7xudETk3LqWkpyhQq75tOyOt_v3UEDtUm_c1Bn8i_6sOEd_93yG7s-wh3MVlf7a3bEJ0_einhuSj_AIzBykc</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>201287865</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Strizhov, Nicolai ; Keller, Menachem ; Mathur, Jaideep ; Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna ; Bosch, Dirk ; Prudovsky, Evgenia ; Schell, Jeff ; Sneh, Baruch ; Koncz, Csaba ; Zilberstein, Aviah</creator><creatorcontrib>Strizhov, Nicolai ; Keller, Menachem ; Mathur, Jaideep ; Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna ; Bosch, Dirk ; Prudovsky, Evgenia ; Schell, Jeff ; Sneh, Baruch ; Koncz, Csaba ; Zilberstein, Aviah</creatorcontrib><description>Spodoptera species, representing widespread polyphagous insect pests, are resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxins used thus far as insecticides in transgenic plants. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of a cryIC gene by a novel template directed ligation-PCR method. This simple and economical method to construct large synthetic genes can be used when routine resynthesis of genes is required. Chemically phosphorylated adjacent oligonucleotides of the gene to be synthesized are assembled and ligated on a single-stranded, partially homologous template derived from a wild-type gene (cryIC in our case) by a thermostable Pfu DNA ligase using repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and ligation. The resulting synthetic DNA strands are selectively amplified by PCR with short specific flanking primers that are complementary only to the new synthetic DNA. Optimized expression of the synthetic cryIC gene in alfalfa and tobacco results in the production of 0.01-0.2% of total soluble proteins as CryIC toxin and provides protection against the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). To facilitate selection and breeding of Spodoptera-resistant plants, the cryIC gene was linked to a pat gene, conferring resistance to the herbicide BASTA.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0027-8424</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1091-6490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15012</identifier><identifier>PMID: 8986755</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</publisher><subject>Alfalfa ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arabidopsis - physiology ; Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins ; Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis ; Bacterial Proteins - genetics ; Bacterial Toxins ; Base Sequence ; Biological Sciences ; Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek ; DNA ; DNA Primers ; Endotoxins - biosynthesis ; Endotoxins - genetics ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Synthetic ; Genetic vectors ; Hemolysin Proteins ; Insect larvae ; Leaves ; Medicago sativa - microbiology ; Medicago sativa - physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths ; Nicotiana - microbiology ; Nicotiana - physiology ; Oligonucleotides ; Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Plants, Toxic ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins - biosynthesis ; Spodoptera ; Toxins ; Transgenic plants</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 1996-12, Vol.93 (26), p.15012-15017</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1996 National Academy of Sciences</rights><rights>Copyright National Academy of Sciences Dec 24, 1996</rights><rights>Copyright © 1996, The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1996</rights><rights>Wageningen University &amp; Research</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-4830026077789be88e87378f41faecb8db3c1d08864784e2cbba0feb5990df993</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-4830026077789be88e87378f41faecb8db3c1d08864784e2cbba0feb5990df993</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/93/26.cover.gif</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40819$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/40819$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,803,885,27923,27924,53790,53792,58016,58249</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8986755$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Strizhov, Nicolai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keller, Menachem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathur, Jaideep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bosch, Dirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prudovsky, Evgenia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schell, Jeff</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sneh, Baruch</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koncz, Csaba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zilberstein, Aviah</creatorcontrib><title>A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco</title><title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</title><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><description>Spodoptera species, representing widespread polyphagous insect pests, are resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxins used thus far as insecticides in transgenic plants. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of a cryIC gene by a novel template directed ligation-PCR method. This simple and economical method to construct large synthetic genes can be used when routine resynthesis of genes is required. Chemically phosphorylated adjacent oligonucleotides of the gene to be synthesized are assembled and ligated on a single-stranded, partially homologous template derived from a wild-type gene (cryIC in our case) by a thermostable Pfu DNA ligase using repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and ligation. The resulting synthetic DNA strands are selectively amplified by PCR with short specific flanking primers that are complementary only to the new synthetic DNA. Optimized expression of the synthetic cryIC gene in alfalfa and tobacco results in the production of 0.01-0.2% of total soluble proteins as CryIC toxin and provides protection against the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). To facilitate selection and breeding of Spodoptera-resistant plants, the cryIC gene was linked to a pat gene, conferring resistance to the herbicide BASTA.</description><subject>Alfalfa</subject><subject>Amino Acid Sequence</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arabidopsis - physiology</subject><subject>Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Bacterial Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Bacterial Toxins</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subject>Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA Primers</subject><subject>Endotoxins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Endotoxins - genetics</subject><subject>Genes, Bacterial</subject><subject>Genes, Synthetic</subject><subject>Genetic vectors</subject><subject>Hemolysin Proteins</subject><subject>Insect larvae</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Medicago sativa - microbiology</subject><subject>Medicago sativa - physiology</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Moths</subject><subject>Nicotiana - microbiology</subject><subject>Nicotiana - physiology</subject><subject>Oligonucleotides</subject><subject>Pest Control, Biological</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified</subject><subject>Plants, Toxic</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Recombinant Proteins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Spodoptera</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Transgenic plants</subject><issn>0027-8424</issn><issn>1091-6490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1996</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUFv0zAYhi0EGqVwR0gIixOHpTiJE9uIS6nGmDSJw8bZcpwvravMDrbD1gP_it_Bb8JZS8UuyJYsfe_7vPKnF6GXOVnkhJXvB6vCQpSLol7kFcmLR2iWE5FnNRXkMZoRUrCM04I-Rc9C2BJCRMXJCTrhgtesqmbo5xJf7WzcQDQaa7-7WOFzsHCKz6x2rbFrrPAnpU3fjwHHzejTyIANJuDfv3AGtnXR3Rl7ilfOduADvhpc64YIXmEPyReV1YCNxcu-U-liZVt87RqltXuOnqRZgBeHd46-fT67Xn3JLr-eX6yWl5muaBUzysu0SU0YY1w0wDlwVjLe0bxToBveNqXOW8J5TRmnUOimUaSDphKCtJ0Q5Rx92OfeqjXYtAJYaZXXJkinjOxN45XfydvRS9tPzzA2QZbk_szRxz2chjfQarDRq14O3txM0BTwULFmI9fuhyzqkrKEvz3g3n0fIUS5daO3aV1ZpMY443WVTGRv0t6F4KE7xudETk3LqWkpyhQq75tOyOt_v3UEDtUm_c1Bn8i_6sOEd_93yG7s-wh3MVlf7a3bEJ0_einhuSj_AIzBykc</recordid><startdate>19961224</startdate><enddate>19961224</enddate><creator>Strizhov, Nicolai</creator><creator>Keller, Menachem</creator><creator>Mathur, Jaideep</creator><creator>Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna</creator><creator>Bosch, Dirk</creator><creator>Prudovsky, Evgenia</creator><creator>Schell, Jeff</creator><creator>Sneh, Baruch</creator><creator>Koncz, Csaba</creator><creator>Zilberstein, Aviah</creator><general>National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</general><general>National Acad Sciences</general><general>National Academy of Sciences</general><general>The National Academy of Sciences of the USA</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>QVL</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19961224</creationdate><title>A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco</title><author>Strizhov, Nicolai ; Keller, Menachem ; Mathur, Jaideep ; Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna ; Bosch, Dirk ; Prudovsky, Evgenia ; Schell, Jeff ; Sneh, Baruch ; Koncz, Csaba ; Zilberstein, Aviah</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-4830026077789be88e87378f41faecb8db3c1d08864784e2cbba0feb5990df993</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1996</creationdate><topic>Alfalfa</topic><topic>Amino Acid Sequence</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Arabidopsis - physiology</topic><topic>Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Bacterial Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Bacterial Toxins</topic><topic>Base Sequence</topic><topic>Biological Sciences</topic><topic>Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>DNA Primers</topic><topic>Endotoxins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Endotoxins - genetics</topic><topic>Genes, Bacterial</topic><topic>Genes, Synthetic</topic><topic>Genetic vectors</topic><topic>Hemolysin Proteins</topic><topic>Insect larvae</topic><topic>Leaves</topic><topic>Medicago sativa - microbiology</topic><topic>Medicago sativa - physiology</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Moths</topic><topic>Nicotiana - microbiology</topic><topic>Nicotiana - physiology</topic><topic>Oligonucleotides</topic><topic>Pest Control, Biological</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Plants, Genetically Modified</topic><topic>Plants, Toxic</topic><topic>Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Recombinant Proteins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Spodoptera</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>Transgenic plants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Strizhov, Nicolai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keller, Menachem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mathur, Jaideep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bosch, Dirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prudovsky, Evgenia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schell, Jeff</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sneh, Baruch</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koncz, Csaba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zilberstein, Aviah</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium &amp; Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>NARCIS:Publications</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Strizhov, Nicolai</au><au>Keller, Menachem</au><au>Mathur, Jaideep</au><au>Koncz-Kalman, Zsuzsanna</au><au>Bosch, Dirk</au><au>Prudovsky, Evgenia</au><au>Schell, Jeff</au><au>Sneh, Baruch</au><au>Koncz, Csaba</au><au>Zilberstein, Aviah</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS</jtitle><addtitle>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</addtitle><date>1996-12-24</date><risdate>1996</risdate><volume>93</volume><issue>26</issue><spage>15012</spage><epage>15017</epage><pages>15012-15017</pages><issn>0027-8424</issn><eissn>1091-6490</eissn><abstract>Spodoptera species, representing widespread polyphagous insect pests, are resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxins used thus far as insecticides in transgenic plants. Here we describe the chemical synthesis of a cryIC gene by a novel template directed ligation-PCR method. This simple and economical method to construct large synthetic genes can be used when routine resynthesis of genes is required. Chemically phosphorylated adjacent oligonucleotides of the gene to be synthesized are assembled and ligated on a single-stranded, partially homologous template derived from a wild-type gene (cryIC in our case) by a thermostable Pfu DNA ligase using repeated cycles of melting, annealing, and ligation. The resulting synthetic DNA strands are selectively amplified by PCR with short specific flanking primers that are complementary only to the new synthetic DNA. Optimized expression of the synthetic cryIC gene in alfalfa and tobacco results in the production of 0.01-0.2% of total soluble proteins as CryIC toxin and provides protection against the Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). To facilitate selection and breeding of Spodoptera-resistant plants, the cryIC gene was linked to a pat gene, conferring resistance to the herbicide BASTA.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</pub><pmid>8986755</pmid><doi>10.1073/pnas.93.26.15012</doi><tpages>6</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0027-8424
ispartof Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 1996-12, Vol.93 (26), p.15012-15017
issn 0027-8424
1091-6490
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmed_primary_8986755
source MEDLINE; JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
subjects Alfalfa
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Arabidopsis - physiology
Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins
Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis
Bacterial Proteins - genetics
Bacterial Toxins
Base Sequence
Biological Sciences
Centrum voor Plantenveredelings- en Reproduktieonderzoek
DNA
DNA Primers
Endotoxins - biosynthesis
Endotoxins - genetics
Genes, Bacterial
Genes, Synthetic
Genetic vectors
Hemolysin Proteins
Insect larvae
Leaves
Medicago sativa - microbiology
Medicago sativa - physiology
Molecular Sequence Data
Moths
Nicotiana - microbiology
Nicotiana - physiology
Oligonucleotides
Pest Control, Biological
Plants
Plants, Genetically Modified
Plants, Toxic
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Recombinant Proteins - biosynthesis
Spodoptera
Toxins
Transgenic plants
title A Synthetic cryIC Gene, Encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis δ -endotoxin, Confers Spodoptera resistance in Alfalfa and Tobacco
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-09T07%3A35%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20Synthetic%20cryIC%20Gene,%20Encoding%20a%20Bacillus%20thuringiensis%20%CE%B4%20-endotoxin,%20Confers%20Spodoptera%20resistance%20in%20Alfalfa%20and%20Tobacco&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20-%20PNAS&rft.au=Strizhov,%20Nicolai&rft.date=1996-12-24&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=26&rft.spage=15012&rft.epage=15017&rft.pages=15012-15017&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.eissn=1091-6490&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15012&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_pubme%3E40819%3C/jstor_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=201287865&rft_id=info:pmid/8986755&rft_jstor_id=40819&rfr_iscdi=true