The relationship between maternal health during pregnancy and infant kidney development: a prospective cohort study

The significance of intergenerational impacts on fetal and infant kidney development and function remains to be fully understood. This is particularly relevant for certain populations, for example the Indigenous Australians since their risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) is twice that of non-Indigenous Australians. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of maternal health and kidney size and function on infant kidney development. This study was open to all pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Townsville University Hospital, Australia. It presents data from a larger, ongoing prospective, longitudinal cohort study which commenced August 2019, involving mother-infant dyads. This manuscript reports on term mother-infants' dyads from singleton pregnancies. Ultrasound was used to measure renal parenchymal thickness, a surrogate for nephron number, of the mother and their newborn. Kidney function was assessed using serum cystatin C and creatinine. Analysis was conducted on 80 mother-infant dyads, 17 Indigenous and 63 non-Indigenous. Multivariate regression modeling showed maternal renal parenchymal thickness (ß = 0.31, p = 0.004), smoking (ß = - 0.70, p = 0.022) and maternal serum cystatin C (ß = - 0.34, p = 0.014) significantly predicted newborn renal parenchymal thickness. No significant differences were found between the maternal and newborn renal parenchymal thickness and function between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants. Our study suggests that maternal kidney size and function has a significant intergenerational effect on kidney development of their infants. Newborn renal parenchymal thickness was positively associated with maternal renal parenchymal thickness and negatively associated with smoking and maternal serum cystatin C.