Frequency-domain instrument with custom ASIC for dual-slope near-infrared spectroscopy
Real-time and non-invasive measurements of tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) are invaluable for research and clinical use. Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) enables non-invasive measurement of these chromophore concentrations in human tissue....
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description | Real-time and non-invasive measurements of tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) are invaluable for research and clinical use. Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) enables non-invasive measurement of these chromophore concentrations in human tissue. We present a small form factor, dual-wavelength, miniaturized FD-NIRS instrument for absolute optical measurements, built around a custom application-specific integrated circuit and a dual-slope/self-calibrating (DS/SC) probe. The modulation frequency is 55 MHz, and the heterodyning technique was used for intensity and phase readout, with an acquisition rate of 0.7 Hz. The instrument consists of a 14 × 17 cm2 printed circuit board (PCB), a Raspberry Pi 4, an STM32G491 microcontroller, and the DS/SC probe. The DS/SC approach enables this instrument to be selective to deeper tissue and conduct absolute measurements without calibration. The instrument was initially validated using a tissue-mimicking solid phantom, and upon confirming its suitability for in vivo, a vascular occlusion experiment on a human subject was conducted. For the phantom experiments, an average of 0.08° phase noise and 0.10% standard deviation over the mean for the intensities was measured at a source–detector distance of 35 mm. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients had average precisions (variation of measurement over time) of 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively, on a window of ten frames. Results from the in vivo experiment yielded the expected increase in HbO2 and HbR concentration for all measurement types tested, namely SC, DS intensity, and DS phase. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1063/5.0227363 |
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Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) enables non-invasive measurement of these chromophore concentrations in human tissue. We present a small form factor, dual-wavelength, miniaturized FD-NIRS instrument for absolute optical measurements, built around a custom application-specific integrated circuit and a dual-slope/self-calibrating (DS/SC) probe. The modulation frequency is 55 MHz, and the heterodyning technique was used for intensity and phase readout, with an acquisition rate of 0.7 Hz. The instrument consists of a 14 × 17 cm2 printed circuit board (PCB), a Raspberry Pi 4, an STM32G491 microcontroller, and the DS/SC probe. The DS/SC approach enables this instrument to be selective to deeper tissue and conduct absolute measurements without calibration. The instrument was initially validated using a tissue-mimicking solid phantom, and upon confirming its suitability for in vivo, a vascular occlusion experiment on a human subject was conducted. For the phantom experiments, an average of 0.08° phase noise and 0.10% standard deviation over the mean for the intensities was measured at a source–detector distance of 35 mm. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients had average precisions (variation of measurement over time) of 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively, on a window of ten frames. Results from the in vivo experiment yielded the expected increase in HbO2 and HbR concentration for all measurement types tested, namely SC, DS intensity, and DS phase.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0034-6748</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1089-7623</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7623</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/5.0227363</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39527001</identifier><identifier>CODEN: RSINAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Application specific integrated circuits ; Calibration ; Chromophores ; Circuit boards ; Equipment Design ; Form factors ; Frequency domain analysis ; Hemoglobins - analysis ; Heterodyning ; Human tissues ; Humans ; Infrared spectra ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Near infrared radiation ; Occlusion ; Optical measurement ; Oxyhemoglobin ; Oxyhemoglobins - analysis ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Phase noise ; Printed circuits ; Spectroscopic analysis ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - instrumentation ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods ; Spectrum analysis ; Time measurement</subject><ispartof>Review of scientific instruments, 2024-11, Vol.95 (11)</ispartof><rights>Author(s)</rights><rights>2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c238t-964617a50f3f9305e231082be59467f78dfb6384cfc28b91840852e62cb921363</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4233-7165 ; 0000-0002-6496-236X ; 0000-0002-2626-9441 ; 0000-0003-4043-8309 ; 0000-0001-5116-525X ; 0000-0003-3419-4547 ; 0000-0003-3792-455X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.aip.org/rsi/article-lookup/doi/10.1063/5.0227363$$EHTML$$P50$$Gscitation$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,794,4512,27924,27925,76384</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39527001$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kılıç, Alper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blaney, Giles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tavakoli, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frias, Jodee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sassaroli, Angelo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fantini, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koomson, Valencia</creatorcontrib><title>Frequency-domain instrument with custom ASIC for dual-slope near-infrared spectroscopy</title><title>Review of scientific instruments</title><addtitle>Rev Sci Instrum</addtitle><description>Real-time and non-invasive measurements of tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) are invaluable for research and clinical use. Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) enables non-invasive measurement of these chromophore concentrations in human tissue. We present a small form factor, dual-wavelength, miniaturized FD-NIRS instrument for absolute optical measurements, built around a custom application-specific integrated circuit and a dual-slope/self-calibrating (DS/SC) probe. The modulation frequency is 55 MHz, and the heterodyning technique was used for intensity and phase readout, with an acquisition rate of 0.7 Hz. The instrument consists of a 14 × 17 cm2 printed circuit board (PCB), a Raspberry Pi 4, an STM32G491 microcontroller, and the DS/SC probe. The DS/SC approach enables this instrument to be selective to deeper tissue and conduct absolute measurements without calibration. The instrument was initially validated using a tissue-mimicking solid phantom, and upon confirming its suitability for in vivo, a vascular occlusion experiment on a human subject was conducted. For the phantom experiments, an average of 0.08° phase noise and 0.10% standard deviation over the mean for the intensities was measured at a source–detector distance of 35 mm. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients had average precisions (variation of measurement over time) of 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively, on a window of ten frames. Results from the in vivo experiment yielded the expected increase in HbO2 and HbR concentration for all measurement types tested, namely SC, DS intensity, and DS phase.</description><subject>Application specific integrated circuits</subject><subject>Calibration</subject><subject>Chromophores</subject><subject>Circuit boards</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Form factors</subject><subject>Frequency domain analysis</subject><subject>Hemoglobins - analysis</subject><subject>Heterodyning</subject><subject>Human tissues</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infrared spectra</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Near infrared radiation</subject><subject>Occlusion</subject><subject>Optical measurement</subject><subject>Oxyhemoglobin</subject><subject>Oxyhemoglobins - analysis</subject><subject>Phantoms, Imaging</subject><subject>Phase noise</subject><subject>Printed circuits</subject><subject>Spectroscopic analysis</subject><subject>Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - instrumentation</subject><subject>Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Time measurement</subject><issn>0034-6748</issn><issn>1089-7623</issn><issn>1089-7623</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp90MtKxDAYBeAgio6XhS8gBTcqdMyluS2HwVFBcOFlW9I0wUqb1CRF5u2NzOjChdlk83H4zwHgFME5goxc0znEmBNGdsAMQSFLzjDZBTMISVUyXokDcBjjO8yPIrQPDoikmEOIZuB1FczHZJxel60fVOeKzsUUpsG4VHx26a3QU0x-KBZP98vC-lC0k-rL2PvRFM6oUHbOBhVMW8TR6BR81H5cH4M9q_poTrb_EXhZ3Twv78qHx9v75eKh1JiIVEpWMcQVhZZYSSA1mOT7cWOorBi3XLS2YURU2mosGolEBQXFhmHdSIxy4SNwsckdg881YqqHLmrT98oZP8WaICw4zTuQTM__0Hc_BZev-1aM80pWMqvLjdK5SQzG1mPoBhXWNYL199g1rbdjZ3u2TZyawbS_8mfdDK42IOouqdR590_aF_3HhLw</recordid><startdate>20241101</startdate><enddate>20241101</enddate><creator>Kılıç, Alper</creator><creator>Blaney, Giles</creator><creator>Tavakoli, Fatemeh</creator><creator>Frias, Jodee</creator><creator>Sassaroli, Angelo</creator><creator>Fantini, Sergio</creator><creator>Koomson, Valencia</creator><general>American Institute of Physics</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-7165</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6496-236X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-9441</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-8309</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5116-525X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3419-4547</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3792-455X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241101</creationdate><title>Frequency-domain instrument with custom ASIC for dual-slope near-infrared spectroscopy</title><author>Kılıç, Alper ; Blaney, Giles ; Tavakoli, Fatemeh ; Frias, Jodee ; Sassaroli, Angelo ; Fantini, Sergio ; Koomson, Valencia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c238t-964617a50f3f9305e231082be59467f78dfb6384cfc28b91840852e62cb921363</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Application specific integrated circuits</topic><topic>Calibration</topic><topic>Chromophores</topic><topic>Circuit boards</topic><topic>Equipment Design</topic><topic>Form factors</topic><topic>Frequency domain analysis</topic><topic>Hemoglobins - analysis</topic><topic>Heterodyning</topic><topic>Human tissues</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infrared spectra</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Near infrared radiation</topic><topic>Occlusion</topic><topic>Optical measurement</topic><topic>Oxyhemoglobin</topic><topic>Oxyhemoglobins - analysis</topic><topic>Phantoms, Imaging</topic><topic>Phase noise</topic><topic>Printed circuits</topic><topic>Spectroscopic analysis</topic><topic>Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - instrumentation</topic><topic>Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Time measurement</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kılıç, Alper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blaney, Giles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tavakoli, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frias, Jodee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sassaroli, Angelo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fantini, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koomson, Valencia</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Review of scientific instruments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kılıç, Alper</au><au>Blaney, Giles</au><au>Tavakoli, Fatemeh</au><au>Frias, Jodee</au><au>Sassaroli, Angelo</au><au>Fantini, Sergio</au><au>Koomson, Valencia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Frequency-domain instrument with custom ASIC for dual-slope near-infrared spectroscopy</atitle><jtitle>Review of scientific instruments</jtitle><addtitle>Rev Sci Instrum</addtitle><date>2024-11-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>95</volume><issue>11</issue><issn>0034-6748</issn><issn>1089-7623</issn><eissn>1089-7623</eissn><coden>RSINAK</coden><abstract>Real-time and non-invasive measurements of tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) are invaluable for research and clinical use. Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) enables non-invasive measurement of these chromophore concentrations in human tissue. We present a small form factor, dual-wavelength, miniaturized FD-NIRS instrument for absolute optical measurements, built around a custom application-specific integrated circuit and a dual-slope/self-calibrating (DS/SC) probe. The modulation frequency is 55 MHz, and the heterodyning technique was used for intensity and phase readout, with an acquisition rate of 0.7 Hz. The instrument consists of a 14 × 17 cm2 printed circuit board (PCB), a Raspberry Pi 4, an STM32G491 microcontroller, and the DS/SC probe. The DS/SC approach enables this instrument to be selective to deeper tissue and conduct absolute measurements without calibration. The instrument was initially validated using a tissue-mimicking solid phantom, and upon confirming its suitability for in vivo, a vascular occlusion experiment on a human subject was conducted. For the phantom experiments, an average of 0.08° phase noise and 0.10% standard deviation over the mean for the intensities was measured at a source–detector distance of 35 mm. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients had average precisions (variation of measurement over time) of 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively, on a window of ten frames. Results from the in vivo experiment yielded the expected increase in HbO2 and HbR concentration for all measurement types tested, namely SC, DS intensity, and DS phase.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Institute of Physics</pub><pmid>39527001</pmid><doi>10.1063/5.0227363</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-7165</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6496-236X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-9441</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-8309</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5116-525X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3419-4547</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3792-455X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Application specific integrated circuits Calibration Chromophores Circuit boards Equipment Design Form factors Frequency domain analysis Hemoglobins - analysis Heterodyning Human tissues Humans Infrared spectra Infrared spectroscopy Near infrared radiation Occlusion Optical measurement Oxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobins - analysis Phantoms, Imaging Phase noise Printed circuits Spectroscopic analysis Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - instrumentation Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods Spectrum analysis Time measurement |
title | Frequency-domain instrument with custom ASIC for dual-slope near-infrared spectroscopy |
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