Rare earth elements as a tool to study the foliar nutrient uptake phenomenon under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration

The ability of plants to uptake nutrients from mineral dust lying on their foliage may prove to be an important mechanism by which plants will cope with increasing CO levels in the atmosphere. This mechanism had only recently been reported and was shown to compensate for the projected dilution in plants ionome. However, this phenomenon has yet to be thoroughly studied, particularly in terms of the expected trends under different dust types and varying atmospheric CO concentrations, as projected by the IPCC. We treated plants grown under ambient (415 ppm) and elevated CO (850 ppm) conditions with either desert dust, volcanic ash, and fire ash analogues by applying it solely on plant foliage and studied their Rare Earth Elements concentrations and patterns. The Rare Earth Elements compositions of the treated plants originated from the dust application, and their incorporation into the plants led to a significant increase in plants vitality, evident in increased photosynthetic activity and biomass. Two trends in the foliar nutrient uptake mechanism were revealed by the Rare Earth Elements, one is that different treatments affected the plant in decreasing order volcanic ash > desert dust > fire ash. The second trend is that foliar intake becomes more significant under elevated CO , an observation not previously seen. This testifies that the use of Rare Earth Elements in the study of foliar nutrient uptake, and other biological mechanisms is fundamental, and that foliar pathways of nutrient uptake will indeed become more dominant with increasing CO under expected atmospheric changes.