Evaluation of a noncontrolled, pre-euthanasia, intramuscular sedation drug protocol including alfaxalone 4%, medetomidine, and acepromazine for injured or ill raccoons

Background As a major animal control service provider in the city of Guelph and Wellington County in Ontario, the Guelph Humane Society transports and presents injured or ill raccoons requiring humane euthanasia to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre (OVC-HSC). Issues around handli...

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Veröffentlicht in:Canadian veterinary journal 2024-06, Vol.65 (6), p.574-580
Hauptverfasser: Riccio, Jonathan, Sinclair, Melissa, Bateman, Shane, Pasloske, Kirby, Caulkett, Nigel, Monteith, Gabrielle
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container_end_page 580
container_issue 6
container_start_page 574
container_title Canadian veterinary journal
container_volume 65
creator Riccio, Jonathan
Sinclair, Melissa
Bateman, Shane
Pasloske, Kirby
Caulkett, Nigel
Monteith, Gabrielle
description Background As a major animal control service provider in the city of Guelph and Wellington County in Ontario, the Guelph Humane Society transports and presents injured or ill raccoons requiring humane euthanasia to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre (OVC-HSC). Issues around handling, transportation, and delays before euthanasia have recently raised some concerns for welfare and the need for means of improving this process. Objective Investigation of a noncontrolled sedation and analgesia protocol for injured or ill raccoons intended to improve animal welfare by allowing humane handling, transport, and euthanasia following administration by an animal protection officer (APO). Animals and procedure Twenty-seven injured or ill raccoons requiring transport and euthanasia, as determined by the Guelph Humane Society APOs, were included in the study. Each raccoon was administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), intramuscularly, before being transported to the OVC-HSC for humane euthanasia. Results The combination of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine was suitable for administration by APOs and provided the desired sedation depth to allow transport and humane euthanasia. Transit time was the only predictor of sedation depth upon arrival at the OVC-HSC. Two raccoons showed mild physical response to intracardiac injection for euthanasia. Numerical cutoff points of an in-hospital visual analog score of sedation of ≥ 70/100 and duration of sedation of < 62 min showed zero probability of response to euthanasia. Conclusion and clinical relevance Administration of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine at the stated doses provided acceptable sedation and analgesia to improve animal welfare during transport and eventual euthanasia of raccoons.
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Issues around handling, transportation, and delays before euthanasia have recently raised some concerns for welfare and the need for means of improving this process. Objective Investigation of a noncontrolled sedation and analgesia protocol for injured or ill raccoons intended to improve animal welfare by allowing humane handling, transport, and euthanasia following administration by an animal protection officer (APO). Animals and procedure Twenty-seven injured or ill raccoons requiring transport and euthanasia, as determined by the Guelph Humane Society APOs, were included in the study. Each raccoon was administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), intramuscularly, before being transported to the OVC-HSC for humane euthanasia. Results The combination of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine was suitable for administration by APOs and provided the desired sedation depth to allow transport and humane euthanasia. Transit time was the only predictor of sedation depth upon arrival at the OVC-HSC. Two raccoons showed mild physical response to intracardiac injection for euthanasia. Numerical cutoff points of an in-hospital visual analog score of sedation of ≥ 70/100 and duration of sedation of &lt; 62 min showed zero probability of response to euthanasia. Conclusion and clinical relevance Administration of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine at the stated doses provided acceptable sedation and analgesia to improve animal welfare during transport and eventual euthanasia of raccoons.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0008-5286</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38827599</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Canada: Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</publisher><subject>Acepromazine - administration &amp; dosage ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Euthanasia, Animal ; Female ; Hypnotics and Sedatives - administration &amp; dosage ; Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology ; Injections, Intramuscular - veterinary ; Male ; Medetomidine - administration &amp; dosage ; Pregnanediones - administration &amp; dosage ; Raccoons ; Scientific</subject><ispartof>Canadian veterinary journal, 2024-06, Vol.65 (6), p.574-580</ispartof><rights>Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.</rights><rights>Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132169/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132169/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,887,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38827599$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Riccio, Jonathan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinclair, Melissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bateman, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pasloske, Kirby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caulkett, Nigel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monteith, Gabrielle</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of a noncontrolled, pre-euthanasia, intramuscular sedation drug protocol including alfaxalone 4%, medetomidine, and acepromazine for injured or ill raccoons</title><title>Canadian veterinary journal</title><addtitle>Can Vet J</addtitle><description>Background As a major animal control service provider in the city of Guelph and Wellington County in Ontario, the Guelph Humane Society transports and presents injured or ill raccoons requiring humane euthanasia to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre (OVC-HSC). Issues around handling, transportation, and delays before euthanasia have recently raised some concerns for welfare and the need for means of improving this process. Objective Investigation of a noncontrolled sedation and analgesia protocol for injured or ill raccoons intended to improve animal welfare by allowing humane handling, transport, and euthanasia following administration by an animal protection officer (APO). Animals and procedure Twenty-seven injured or ill raccoons requiring transport and euthanasia, as determined by the Guelph Humane Society APOs, were included in the study. Each raccoon was administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), intramuscularly, before being transported to the OVC-HSC for humane euthanasia. Results The combination of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine was suitable for administration by APOs and provided the desired sedation depth to allow transport and humane euthanasia. Transit time was the only predictor of sedation depth upon arrival at the OVC-HSC. Two raccoons showed mild physical response to intracardiac injection for euthanasia. Numerical cutoff points of an in-hospital visual analog score of sedation of ≥ 70/100 and duration of sedation of &lt; 62 min showed zero probability of response to euthanasia. Conclusion and clinical relevance Administration of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine at the stated doses provided acceptable sedation and analgesia to improve animal welfare during transport and eventual euthanasia of raccoons.</description><subject>Acepromazine - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Animal Welfare</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Euthanasia, Animal</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Hypnotics and Sedatives - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology</subject><subject>Injections, Intramuscular - veterinary</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medetomidine - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Pregnanediones - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Raccoons</subject><subject>Scientific</subject><issn>0008-5286</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1Uk1v1DAQzQFES-EvIF-QOGwkfyROcgJUtYBUqRc4W4Mz3nrl2Is_VtA_1L-J010qOODDzMjz5r0Ze54155TSse35KM-alyntKOUTk_RFcybGkQ_9NJ03D1cHcAWyDZ4EQ4D44HXwOQbncN6QfcQWS74DD8nChtiagqUkXRxEknA-ls6xbCs25KCDqyDtymz9loAz8BNc8Ei6txuy4Iw5LLbmcEPAzwQ01rIF7usNMSHW2l2JOJM1dI5E0DoEn141zw24hK9P_qL5dn319fJze3P76cvlx5vWCi5zCxIEN5RT3Q8DIoVupFRTM7Op56yfALgxnTEwAGhjhEBqtMTO4DiLTvTionl_5N2X77Vbjeu8Tu2jXSD-UgGs-jfj7Z3ahoNijAnO5FQZ3p0YYvhRMGW12KTROfAYSlKCyo6JiQ2sQt_8Lfak8ud7KuDDEVDfsuqB2oUSfZ1f6cMC1ewUp7xT9PHI_hRQqSDm6tmqcfsfCquPLOuWrEuiDrL38pGQ9oIq2lUzo4HissoQ1fZepcr4G8PFv48</recordid><startdate>20240601</startdate><enddate>20240601</enddate><creator>Riccio, Jonathan</creator><creator>Sinclair, Melissa</creator><creator>Bateman, Shane</creator><creator>Pasloske, Kirby</creator><creator>Caulkett, Nigel</creator><creator>Monteith, Gabrielle</creator><general>Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240601</creationdate><title>Evaluation of a noncontrolled, pre-euthanasia, intramuscular sedation drug protocol including alfaxalone 4%, medetomidine, and acepromazine for injured or ill raccoons</title><author>Riccio, Jonathan ; Sinclair, Melissa ; Bateman, Shane ; Pasloske, Kirby ; Caulkett, Nigel ; Monteith, Gabrielle</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-i326t-a6a32f020c577ee0a4800c0fd1952159aa2ff4ffa7aacff33e0fc6e4fe8d34353</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Acepromazine - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Animal Welfare</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Euthanasia, Animal</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Hypnotics and Sedatives - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology</topic><topic>Injections, Intramuscular - veterinary</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medetomidine - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Pregnanediones - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Raccoons</topic><topic>Scientific</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Riccio, Jonathan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinclair, Melissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bateman, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pasloske, Kirby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Caulkett, Nigel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monteith, Gabrielle</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Canadian veterinary journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Riccio, Jonathan</au><au>Sinclair, Melissa</au><au>Bateman, Shane</au><au>Pasloske, Kirby</au><au>Caulkett, Nigel</au><au>Monteith, Gabrielle</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of a noncontrolled, pre-euthanasia, intramuscular sedation drug protocol including alfaxalone 4%, medetomidine, and acepromazine for injured or ill raccoons</atitle><jtitle>Canadian veterinary journal</jtitle><addtitle>Can Vet J</addtitle><date>2024-06-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>65</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>574</spage><epage>580</epage><pages>574-580</pages><issn>0008-5286</issn><abstract>Background As a major animal control service provider in the city of Guelph and Wellington County in Ontario, the Guelph Humane Society transports and presents injured or ill raccoons requiring humane euthanasia to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre (OVC-HSC). Issues around handling, transportation, and delays before euthanasia have recently raised some concerns for welfare and the need for means of improving this process. Objective Investigation of a noncontrolled sedation and analgesia protocol for injured or ill raccoons intended to improve animal welfare by allowing humane handling, transport, and euthanasia following administration by an animal protection officer (APO). Animals and procedure Twenty-seven injured or ill raccoons requiring transport and euthanasia, as determined by the Guelph Humane Society APOs, were included in the study. Each raccoon was administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg), alfaxalone (4 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg), intramuscularly, before being transported to the OVC-HSC for humane euthanasia. Results The combination of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine was suitable for administration by APOs and provided the desired sedation depth to allow transport and humane euthanasia. Transit time was the only predictor of sedation depth upon arrival at the OVC-HSC. Two raccoons showed mild physical response to intracardiac injection for euthanasia. Numerical cutoff points of an in-hospital visual analog score of sedation of ≥ 70/100 and duration of sedation of &lt; 62 min showed zero probability of response to euthanasia. Conclusion and clinical relevance Administration of acepromazine, alfaxalone, and medetomidine at the stated doses provided acceptable sedation and analgesia to improve animal welfare during transport and eventual euthanasia of raccoons.</abstract><cop>Canada</cop><pub>Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</pub><pmid>38827599</pmid><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Acepromazine - administration & dosage
Animal Welfare
Animals
Euthanasia, Animal
Female
Hypnotics and Sedatives - administration & dosage
Hypnotics and Sedatives - pharmacology
Injections, Intramuscular - veterinary
Male
Medetomidine - administration & dosage
Pregnanediones - administration & dosage
Raccoons
Scientific
title Evaluation of a noncontrolled, pre-euthanasia, intramuscular sedation drug protocol including alfaxalone 4%, medetomidine, and acepromazine for injured or ill raccoons
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