Co-existence of bla NDM-5 , bla CTX-M-15 , bla OXA-232 , bla SHV-182 genes in multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae ST437 carrying OmpK36 and OmpK37 porin mutations: first report in Italy

K. pneumoniae is a common cause of severe hospital-acquired infections. In the present study we have characterized the whole-genome of two K. pneumoniae ST437 belonging to the clonal complex CC258. The whole-genome sequencing was performed by MiSeq Illumina, with a 2×300bp paired-end run. ResFinder 4.4.2 was used to detect acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and chromosomal mutations. Mobile genetic elements (plasmids and ISs) were identified by MobileElementFinder v1.0.3. The genome was also assigned to ST using MLST 2.0.9. Virulence factors were detected using Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). K. pneumoniae KPNAQ_1/23 and KPNAQ_2/23 strains, isolated from urine samples of hospitalized patients, showed resistance to most antibiotics including ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam and meropenem-vaborbactam combinations. Both strains were susceptible only to cefiderocol. Multiple mechanisms of resistance were identified. Resistance to β-lactams was due to the presence of NDM-5, OXA-232, CTX-M-15, SHV-182 β-lactamases and OmpK36 and OmpK37 porin mutations. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was mediated by chromosomal mutations in acrR, oqxAB efflux pumps and the bifunctional gene aac(6')-Ib-cr. The presence of different virulence genes makes these KPNAQ_1/23 and KPNAQ_2/23 as high-risk clones.