Changes in precipitation regime lead to acceleration of the N cycle and dramatic N 2 O emission

Alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are sensitive to climate change. The precipitation regime in this region has undergone major changes, "repackaging" precipitation from more frequent, smaller events to less frequent, larger events. Nitrous oxide (N O) is an important indicator of responses to global change in alpine meadow ecosystems. However, little information is available describing the mechanisms driving the response of N O emissions to changes in the precipitation regime. In this study, a manipulative field experiment was conducted to investigate N O flux, soil properties, enzyme activity, and gene abundance in response to severe and moderate changes in precipitation regime over two years. Severe changes in precipitation regime led to a 12.6-fold increase in N O fluxes (0.0068 ± 0.0018 mg m h ) from Zoige alpine meadows relative to natural conditions (0.0005 ± 0.0029 mg m h ). In addition, severe changes in precipitation regime significantly suppressed the activities of leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and peroxidase (PEO), affected ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, and increased the abundances of gdhA, narI and nirK genes, which significantly promoted organic nitrogen (N) decomposition, denitrification, and anammox processes. The increase in abundance of these genes could be ascribed to changes in the abundance of several dominant bacterial taxa (i.e., Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria) as a result of the altered precipitation regime. Decreases in nitrate and soil moisture caused by severe changes in precipitation may exacerbate N limitation and water deficit, lead to a suppression of soil enzyme activity, and change the structure of microorganism community. The N cycle of the alpine meadow ecosystem may accelerate by increasing the abundance of key N functional genes. This would, in turn, lead to increased N O emission. This study provided insights into how precipitation regimes changes affect N cycling, and may also improve prediction of N O fluxes in response to changes in precipitation regime.