Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications
Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquacul...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2021-02, Vol.22 (4), p.1675, Article 1675 |
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| creator | Wan-Mohtar, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Ilham, Zul Jamaludin, Adi Ainurzaman Rowan, Neil |
| description | Natural mycelial exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS) extracted from bioreactor-cultivated European Ganoderma applanatum mushrooms are of potential high commercial value for both food and adjacent biopharmaceutical industries. In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01-10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms22041675 |
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In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01-10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 176.44 +/- 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 148.44 +/- 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120-180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041675</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33562361</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antibiotics ; Aquaculture ; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ; Biological Assay ; Bioreactors ; Bioreactors - microbiology ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ; Clinical trials ; Embryo, Nonmammalian - cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects ; Embryos ; endopolysaccharide ; Europe ; exopolysaccharide ; Exopolysaccharides ; Fertilization ; Food industry ; Ganoderma - chemistry ; Ganoderma applanatum ; Hatching ; Heart rate ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Mushrooms ; Mycelia ; Mycelium - chemistry ; Pharmaceuticals ; Physical Sciences ; Polysaccharides - toxicity ; Science & Technology ; Teratogenicity ; Toxicity ; Toxicity testing ; Toxicity Tests - methods ; toxicology ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish - growth & development</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2021-02, Vol.22 (4), p.1675, Article 1675</ispartof><rights>2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). 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These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</subject><subject>Biological Assay</subject><subject>Bioreactors</subject><subject>Bioreactors - microbiology</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry, Multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Embryo, Nonmammalian - cytology</subject><subject>Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects</subject><subject>Embryos</subject><subject>endopolysaccharide</subject><subject>Europe</subject><subject>exopolysaccharide</subject><subject>Exopolysaccharides</subject><subject>Fertilization</subject><subject>Food industry</subject><subject>Ganoderma - chemistry</subject><subject>Ganoderma applanatum</subject><subject>Hatching</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Mushrooms</subject><subject>Mycelia</subject><subject>Mycelium - 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In order to evaluate their potential toxicity for aquaculture application, both EPS (0.01-10 mg/mL) and ENS (0.01-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET); early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) were also analyzed between 24 and 120 h post-fertilization (HPF). Both EPS and ENS are considered non-toxic with LC50 of 1.41 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL respectively. Both EPS and ENS did not delay hatching and teratogenic defect towards ZE with <1.0 mg/mL, respectively. No significant changes in the ZE heart rate were detected following treatment with the two compounds tested (EPS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 176.44 +/- 0.77 beats/min and ENS: 0.01-10 mg/mL: 148.44 +/- 17.75 beats/min) compared to normal ZE (120-180 beats/min). These initial findings support future pre-clinical trials in adult fish models with view to safely using EPS and ENS as potential feed supplements for supplements for development of the aquaculture industry.</abstract><cop>BASEL</cop><pub>Mdpi</pub><pmid>33562361</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijms22041675</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-3733</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-5027</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3836-0848</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5384-4325</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Antibiotics Aquaculture Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Biological Assay Bioreactors Bioreactors - microbiology Chemistry Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Clinical trials Embryo, Nonmammalian - cytology Embryo, Nonmammalian - drug effects Embryos endopolysaccharide Europe exopolysaccharide Exopolysaccharides Fertilization Food industry Ganoderma - chemistry Ganoderma applanatum Hatching Heart rate Life Sciences & Biomedicine Mushrooms Mycelia Mycelium - chemistry Pharmaceuticals Physical Sciences Polysaccharides - toxicity Science & Technology Teratogenicity Toxicity Toxicity testing Toxicity Tests - methods toxicology Zebrafish Zebrafish - growth & development |
| title | Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications |
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