Effect of biofertilizer and wheat straw biochar application on nitrous oxide emission and ammonia volatilization from paddy soil

Biofertilizer can improve soil quality, especially the microbiome composition, which potentially affect soil nitrogen (N) cycling. However, little is known about the responses of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and ammonia (NH3) volatilization from biochar-amended paddy soil to the biofertilizer application. Therefore, we conducted a soil column experiment using four 240 kg N ha−1 (equivalent to 1.7 g N pot−1) treatments consisting of biofertilizer (3 t ha−1, equivalent to 21.2 g pot−1), biochar (7.5 t ha−1, equivalent to 63.6 g pot−1), and a mixture of biofertilizer and biochar at the same rate and a control (CK). The results showed that the N2O emissions and NH3 volatilizations were equivalent to 0.15–0.28% and 18.0–31.5% of rice seasonal N applied to the four treatments, respectively. Two treatments with biofertilizer and biochar individual amendment significantly increased (P