15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor prevents contrast-induced acute kidney injury

The two primary mechanisms by which iodinated contrast media (CM) causes contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) are the hemodynamic effect causing intrarenal vasoconstriction and the tubular toxic effect causing acute tubular necrosis. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PG...

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Veröffentlicht in:Renal failure 2021-01, Vol.43 (1), p.168-179
Hauptverfasser: Kim, Byeong Woo, Kim, Hye Jung, Kim, Sun-Hee, Baik, Hyung Joo, Kang, Mi Seon, Kim, Dong-Hyun, Markowitz, Sanford D., Kang, Sun Woo, Bae, Ki Beom
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container_end_page 179
container_issue 1
container_start_page 168
container_title Renal failure
container_volume 43
creator Kim, Byeong Woo
Kim, Hye Jung
Kim, Sun-Hee
Baik, Hyung Joo
Kang, Mi Seon
Kim, Dong-Hyun
Markowitz, Sanford D.
Kang, Sun Woo
Bae, Ki Beom
description The two primary mechanisms by which iodinated contrast media (CM) causes contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) are the hemodynamic effect causing intrarenal vasoconstriction and the tubular toxic effect causing acute tubular necrosis. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which degrades prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2), promotes tissue repair and regeneration in many organs. PGE2 causes intrarenal arterial vasodilation. In this study, we investigated whether a 15-PGDH inhibitor can act as a candidate for blocking these two major mechanisms of CIAKI. We established a CIAKI mouse model by injecting a 10 gram of iodine per body weight (gI/kg) dose of iodixanol into each mouse tail vein. A 15-PGDH inhibitor (SW033291), PGE1, or PGE2 were administered to compare the renal functional parameters, histologic injury, vasoconstriction, and renal blood flow changes. In addition, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in a CM-treated medium. SW033291, PGE1, or PGE2 were added to compare any changes in cell viability and apoptosis rate. CIAKI mice that received SW033291 had lower serum levels of creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule 1 (p 
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Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which degrades prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2), promotes tissue repair and regeneration in many organs. PGE2 causes intrarenal arterial vasodilation. In this study, we investigated whether a 15-PGDH inhibitor can act as a candidate for blocking these two major mechanisms of CIAKI. We established a CIAKI mouse model by injecting a 10 gram of iodine per body weight (gI/kg) dose of iodixanol into each mouse tail vein. A 15-PGDH inhibitor (SW033291), PGE1, or PGE2 were administered to compare the renal functional parameters, histologic injury, vasoconstriction, and renal blood flow changes. In addition, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in a CM-treated medium. SW033291, PGE1, or PGE2 were added to compare any changes in cell viability and apoptosis rate. CIAKI mice that received SW033291 had lower serum levels of creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule 1 (p < 0.001); lower histologic injury score and TUNEL positive rates (p < 0.001); and higher medullary arteriolar area (p < 0.05) and renal blood flow (p < 0.001) than CM + vehicle group. In cell culture experiments, Adding SW033291 increased the viability rate (p < 0.05) and decreased the apoptosis rate of the tubular epithelial cells (p < 0.001). This 15-PGDH inhibitor blocks the two primary mechanisms of CIAKI, intrarenal vasoconstriction and tubular cell toxicity, and thus has the potential to be a novel prophylaxis for CIAKI. Abbreviations: 15-PGDH: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; CIAKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; CM: contrast media; EP: prostaglandin E2 receptor; hRPTECs: human-derived renal proximal tubule epithelial cells; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PGE1: prostaglandin E 1 ; PGE2: prostaglandin E 2 ; RBF: renal blood flow; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0886-022X</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1525-6049</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-6049</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2020.1870139</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33459127</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Taylor &amp; Francis</publisher><subject>15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) ; 15-PGDH inhibitor ; Actin ; Acute Kidney Injury - chemically induced ; Acute Kidney Injury - prevention &amp; control ; AMP ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blood flow ; Body weight ; Cell culture ; Contrast agents ; Contrast media ; Contrast Media - adverse effects ; contrast media; acute kidney injury ; Creatinine ; Creatinine - blood ; Dehydrogenases ; DNA nucleotidylexotransferase ; Epithelial cells ; Female ; Gelatinase ; Humans ; Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases - antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Iodine ; Kidney - physiopathology ; Kidneys ; Laboratory Study ; Leukocytes (neutrophilic) ; Lipocalin ; Lipocalin-2 - blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neutrophils ; Prophylaxis ; Prostaglandin E ; Prostaglandin E1 ; Prostaglandin E2 ; Prostaglandins E - pharmacology ; Pyridines - pharmacology ; Serum levels ; Smooth muscle ; Thiophenes - pharmacology ; Toxicity ; Triiodobenzoic Acids - adverse effects ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation</subject><ispartof>Renal failure, 2021-01, Vol.43 (1), p.168-179</ispartof><rights>2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor &amp; Francis Group 2021</rights><rights>2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor &amp; Francis Group. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non-Commercial License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor &amp; Francis Group 2021 The Author(s)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c562t-c257004b2786580dc6ed353f6f46001d9186cabaa4b936713ce0b5f36a51998e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c562t-c257004b2786580dc6ed353f6f46001d9186cabaa4b936713ce0b5f36a51998e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7832987/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7832987/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,27479,27901,27902,53766,53768,59116,59117</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33459127$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kim, Byeong Woo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Hye Jung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Sun-Hee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baik, Hyung Joo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Mi Seon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Markowitz, Sanford D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Sun Woo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Ki Beom</creatorcontrib><title>15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor prevents contrast-induced acute kidney injury</title><title>Renal failure</title><addtitle>Ren Fail</addtitle><description><![CDATA[The two primary mechanisms by which iodinated contrast media (CM) causes contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) are the hemodynamic effect causing intrarenal vasoconstriction and the tubular toxic effect causing acute tubular necrosis. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which degrades prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2), promotes tissue repair and regeneration in many organs. PGE2 causes intrarenal arterial vasodilation. In this study, we investigated whether a 15-PGDH inhibitor can act as a candidate for blocking these two major mechanisms of CIAKI. We established a CIAKI mouse model by injecting a 10 gram of iodine per body weight (gI/kg) dose of iodixanol into each mouse tail vein. A 15-PGDH inhibitor (SW033291), PGE1, or PGE2 were administered to compare the renal functional parameters, histologic injury, vasoconstriction, and renal blood flow changes. In addition, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in a CM-treated medium. SW033291, PGE1, or PGE2 were added to compare any changes in cell viability and apoptosis rate. CIAKI mice that received SW033291 had lower serum levels of creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule 1 (p < 0.001); lower histologic injury score and TUNEL positive rates (p < 0.001); and higher medullary arteriolar area (p < 0.05) and renal blood flow (p < 0.001) than CM + vehicle group. In cell culture experiments, Adding SW033291 increased the viability rate (p < 0.05) and decreased the apoptosis rate of the tubular epithelial cells (p < 0.001). This 15-PGDH inhibitor blocks the two primary mechanisms of CIAKI, intrarenal vasoconstriction and tubular cell toxicity, and thus has the potential to be a novel prophylaxis for CIAKI. Abbreviations: 15-PGDH: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; CIAKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; CM: contrast media; EP: prostaglandin E2 receptor; hRPTECs: human-derived renal proximal tubule epithelial cells; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PGE1: prostaglandin E 1 ; PGE2: prostaglandin E 2 ; RBF: renal blood flow; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin]]></description><subject>15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)</subject><subject>15-PGDH inhibitor</subject><subject>Actin</subject><subject>Acute Kidney Injury - chemically induced</subject><subject>Acute Kidney Injury - prevention &amp; control</subject><subject>AMP</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Contrast agents</subject><subject>Contrast media</subject><subject>Contrast Media - adverse effects</subject><subject>contrast media; acute kidney injury</subject><subject>Creatinine</subject><subject>Creatinine - blood</subject><subject>Dehydrogenases</subject><subject>DNA nucleotidylexotransferase</subject><subject>Epithelial cells</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gelatinase</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases - antagonists &amp; inhibitors</subject><subject>Iodine</subject><subject>Kidney - physiopathology</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Laboratory Study</subject><subject>Leukocytes (neutrophilic)</subject><subject>Lipocalin</subject><subject>Lipocalin-2 - blood</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred C57BL</subject><subject>Neutrophils</subject><subject>Prophylaxis</subject><subject>Prostaglandin E</subject><subject>Prostaglandin E1</subject><subject>Prostaglandin E2</subject><subject>Prostaglandins E - pharmacology</subject><subject>Pyridines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Serum levels</subject><subject>Smooth muscle</subject><subject>Thiophenes - pharmacology</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Triiodobenzoic Acids - adverse effects</subject><subject>Vasoconstriction</subject><subject>Vasodilation</subject><issn>0886-022X</issn><issn>1525-6049</issn><issn>1525-6049</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>0YH</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kstu1DAUhiMEokPhEUCR2LBJ8SW-bRCoKrRSJTYgsUGWY5_MeMjYg50U8vZ1mGlFWbCydPyf79z-qnqJ0RlGEr1FUnJEyLczgkgJSYEwVY-qFWaENRy16nG1WjTNIjqpnuW8RQgzKcjT6oTSlilMxKr6jllzObsUf8_7FPNo1oMJzofawWYJryGYDLUPG9_5MaZ6n-AGwphrG8OYTB4bH9xkwdXGTiPUP7wLMJeE7ZTm59WT3gwZXhzf0-rrx4sv55fN9edPV-cfrhvLOBkbS5hAqO2IkJxJ5CwHRxnted_y0rRTWHJrOmPaTlEuMLWAOtZTbhhWSgI9ra4OXBfNVu-T35k062i8_hOIaa1NGr0dQAMFazg3ijnalv1IwjhrC5gT1htoC-vdgbWfuh04C8uYwwPow5_gN3odb7SQlCgpCuDNEZDizwnyqHc-WxjKYiFOWZNWSCEkI0ut1_9It3FKoaxKE0EwUqIlqqjYQWXLhXKC_r4ZjPRiBn1nBr2YQR_NUPJe_T3Jfdbd9Yvg_UHgQx_TzvyKaXB6NPMQU59MsD5r-v8at8P4xRY</recordid><startdate>20210101</startdate><enddate>20210101</enddate><creator>Kim, Byeong Woo</creator><creator>Kim, Hye Jung</creator><creator>Kim, Sun-Hee</creator><creator>Baik, Hyung Joo</creator><creator>Kang, Mi Seon</creator><creator>Kim, Dong-Hyun</creator><creator>Markowitz, Sanford D.</creator><creator>Kang, Sun Woo</creator><creator>Bae, Ki Beom</creator><general>Taylor &amp; 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Kim, Dong-Hyun ; Markowitz, Sanford D. ; Kang, Sun Woo ; Bae, Ki Beom</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c562t-c257004b2786580dc6ed353f6f46001d9186cabaa4b936713ce0b5f36a51998e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)</topic><topic>15-PGDH inhibitor</topic><topic>Actin</topic><topic>Acute Kidney Injury - chemically induced</topic><topic>Acute Kidney Injury - prevention &amp; control</topic><topic>AMP</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Blood flow</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Contrast agents</topic><topic>Contrast media</topic><topic>Contrast Media - adverse effects</topic><topic>contrast media; acute kidney injury</topic><topic>Creatinine</topic><topic>Creatinine - blood</topic><topic>Dehydrogenases</topic><topic>DNA nucleotidylexotransferase</topic><topic>Epithelial cells</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gelatinase</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases - antagonists &amp; inhibitors</topic><topic>Iodine</topic><topic>Kidney - physiopathology</topic><topic>Kidneys</topic><topic>Laboratory Study</topic><topic>Leukocytes (neutrophilic)</topic><topic>Lipocalin</topic><topic>Lipocalin-2 - blood</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mice, Inbred C57BL</topic><topic>Neutrophils</topic><topic>Prophylaxis</topic><topic>Prostaglandin E</topic><topic>Prostaglandin E1</topic><topic>Prostaglandin E2</topic><topic>Prostaglandins E - pharmacology</topic><topic>Pyridines - pharmacology</topic><topic>Serum levels</topic><topic>Smooth muscle</topic><topic>Thiophenes - pharmacology</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Triiodobenzoic Acids - adverse effects</topic><topic>Vasoconstriction</topic><topic>Vasodilation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kim, Byeong Woo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Hye Jung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Sun-Hee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baik, Hyung Joo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Mi Seon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Markowitz, Sanford D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Sun Woo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Ki Beom</creatorcontrib><collection>Taylor &amp; Francis Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Renal failure</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kim, Byeong Woo</au><au>Kim, Hye Jung</au><au>Kim, Sun-Hee</au><au>Baik, Hyung Joo</au><au>Kang, Mi Seon</au><au>Kim, Dong-Hyun</au><au>Markowitz, Sanford D.</au><au>Kang, Sun Woo</au><au>Bae, Ki Beom</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor prevents contrast-induced acute kidney injury</atitle><jtitle>Renal failure</jtitle><addtitle>Ren Fail</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>43</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>168</spage><epage>179</epage><pages>168-179</pages><issn>0886-022X</issn><issn>1525-6049</issn><eissn>1525-6049</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[The two primary mechanisms by which iodinated contrast media (CM) causes contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) are the hemodynamic effect causing intrarenal vasoconstriction and the tubular toxic effect causing acute tubular necrosis. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which degrades prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2), promotes tissue repair and regeneration in many organs. PGE2 causes intrarenal arterial vasodilation. In this study, we investigated whether a 15-PGDH inhibitor can act as a candidate for blocking these two major mechanisms of CIAKI. We established a CIAKI mouse model by injecting a 10 gram of iodine per body weight (gI/kg) dose of iodixanol into each mouse tail vein. A 15-PGDH inhibitor (SW033291), PGE1, or PGE2 were administered to compare the renal functional parameters, histologic injury, vasoconstriction, and renal blood flow changes. In addition, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in a CM-treated medium. SW033291, PGE1, or PGE2 were added to compare any changes in cell viability and apoptosis rate. CIAKI mice that received SW033291 had lower serum levels of creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule 1 (p < 0.001); lower histologic injury score and TUNEL positive rates (p < 0.001); and higher medullary arteriolar area (p < 0.05) and renal blood flow (p < 0.001) than CM + vehicle group. In cell culture experiments, Adding SW033291 increased the viability rate (p < 0.05) and decreased the apoptosis rate of the tubular epithelial cells (p < 0.001). This 15-PGDH inhibitor blocks the two primary mechanisms of CIAKI, intrarenal vasoconstriction and tubular cell toxicity, and thus has the potential to be a novel prophylaxis for CIAKI. Abbreviations: 15-PGDH: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; CIAKI: contrast-induced acute kidney injury; CM: contrast media; EP: prostaglandin E2 receptor; hRPTECs: human-derived renal proximal tubule epithelial cells; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1; MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PGE1: prostaglandin E 1 ; PGE2: prostaglandin E 2 ; RBF: renal blood flow; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; α-SMA: α-Smooth muscle actin]]></abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Taylor &amp; Francis</pub><pmid>33459127</pmid><doi>10.1080/0886022X.2020.1870139</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+)
15-PGDH inhibitor
Actin
Acute Kidney Injury - chemically induced
Acute Kidney Injury - prevention & control
AMP
Animals
Apoptosis
Blood flow
Body weight
Cell culture
Contrast agents
Contrast media
Contrast Media - adverse effects
contrast media
acute kidney injury
Creatinine
Creatinine - blood
Dehydrogenases
DNA nucleotidylexotransferase
Epithelial cells
Female
Gelatinase
Humans
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases - antagonists & inhibitors
Iodine
Kidney - physiopathology
Kidneys
Laboratory Study
Leukocytes (neutrophilic)
Lipocalin
Lipocalin-2 - blood
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Neutrophils
Prophylaxis
Prostaglandin E
Prostaglandin E1
Prostaglandin E2
Prostaglandins E - pharmacology
Pyridines - pharmacology
Serum levels
Smooth muscle
Thiophenes - pharmacology
Toxicity
Triiodobenzoic Acids - adverse effects
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
title 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor prevents contrast-induced acute kidney injury
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