Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs
Ammonia availability due to chloramination can promote the growth of nitrifying organisms, which can deplete chloramine residuals and result in operational problems for drinking water utilities. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to determine the identity and functional potential of micro...
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description | Ammonia availability due to chloramination can promote the growth of nitrifying organisms, which can deplete chloramine residuals and result in operational problems for drinking water utilities. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to determine the identity and functional potential of microorganisms involved in nitrogen biotransformation within chloraminated drinking water reservoirs. Spatial changes in the nitrogen species included an increase in nitrate concentrations accompanied by a decrease in ammonium concentrations with increasing distance from the site of chloramination. This nitrifying activity was likely driven by canonical ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) as well as by complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox)
-like bacteria. Functional annotation was used to evaluate genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the community gene catalogue contained mostly genes involved in nitrification, nitrate and nitrite reduction, and nitric oxide reduction. Furthermore, we assembled 47 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing a highly diverse assemblage of bacteria. Of these, five MAGs showed high coverage across all samples, which included two
, and
-like MAGs. Systematic genome-level analyses of these MAGs in relation to nitrogen metabolism suggest that under ammonia-limited conditions, nitrate may be also reduced back to ammonia for assimilation. Alternatively, nitrate may be reduced to nitric oxide and may potentially play a role in regulating biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides insight into the microbial communities and their nitrogen metabolism and, together with the water chemistry data, improves our understanding of nitrogen biotransformation in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.
Chloramines are often used as a secondary disinfectant when free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain. However, chloramination is often associated with the undesirable effect of nitrification, which results in operational problems for many drinking water utilities. The introduction of ammonia during chloramination provides a potential source of nitrogen either through the addition of excess ammonia or through chloramine decay. This promotes the growth of nitrifying microorganisms and provides a nitrogen source (i.e., nitrate) for the growth for other organisms. While the roles of canonical ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in chloraminated drinki |
doi_str_mv | 10.1128/mSphere.00274-20 |
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fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmed_primary_32350093</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_abf510dfa10046bcbef8e0a9007c857e</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>2396853776</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c537t-3565b126b7d981720f9c3648eae4dc7191990d4504d17633154eec80ff2cdbb3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkc1v1DAQxS0EotXSOycUiQuXtOOP2M4FCW2hrdSCBJU4WrYz2fWSxIudrcR_j9tdqpaTx56Zn97zI-QthVNKmT4bf2zXmPAUgClRM3hBjhlXbd2AYC-f1EfkJOcNAFDJpFTyNTnijDcALT8mlzfBp-iCHaqvYU5xhVN1g7N1cQh5rMJULddDTHYMk52xq85TmH6FaVX9LNdUfceM6S6GlN-QV70dMp4czgW5_fL5dnlZX3-7uFp-uq59w9Vc80Y2jjLpVNdqqhj0redSaLQoOq9oS9sWOlF0d1RJzmkjEL2Gvme-c44vyNUe20W7MdsURpv-mGiDeXiIaWVsmoMf0FjXNxS63lIAIZ132GsE2wIorxuFhfVxz9ru3Iidx2lOdngGfd6Zwtqs4p0pMjkIXgAfDoAUf-8wz2YM2eMw2AnjLhvGW6mL7WJkQd7_N7qJuzSVnzJMgGYKhL4Hwn6qZJJzwv5RDAVzH7o5hG4eQjcMysq7pyYeF_5FzP8CsDCpUg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2408270483</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs</title><source>American Society for Microbiology</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Potgieter, Sarah C ; Dai, Zihan ; Venter, Stephanus N ; Sigudu, Makhosazana ; Pinto, Ameet J</creator><creatorcontrib>Potgieter, Sarah C ; Dai, Zihan ; Venter, Stephanus N ; Sigudu, Makhosazana ; Pinto, Ameet J</creatorcontrib><description>Ammonia availability due to chloramination can promote the growth of nitrifying organisms, which can deplete chloramine residuals and result in operational problems for drinking water utilities. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to determine the identity and functional potential of microorganisms involved in nitrogen biotransformation within chloraminated drinking water reservoirs. Spatial changes in the nitrogen species included an increase in nitrate concentrations accompanied by a decrease in ammonium concentrations with increasing distance from the site of chloramination. This nitrifying activity was likely driven by canonical ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) as well as by complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox)
-like bacteria. Functional annotation was used to evaluate genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the community gene catalogue contained mostly genes involved in nitrification, nitrate and nitrite reduction, and nitric oxide reduction. Furthermore, we assembled 47 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing a highly diverse assemblage of bacteria. Of these, five MAGs showed high coverage across all samples, which included two
, and
-like MAGs. Systematic genome-level analyses of these MAGs in relation to nitrogen metabolism suggest that under ammonia-limited conditions, nitrate may be also reduced back to ammonia for assimilation. Alternatively, nitrate may be reduced to nitric oxide and may potentially play a role in regulating biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides insight into the microbial communities and their nitrogen metabolism and, together with the water chemistry data, improves our understanding of nitrogen biotransformation in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.
Chloramines are often used as a secondary disinfectant when free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain. However, chloramination is often associated with the undesirable effect of nitrification, which results in operational problems for many drinking water utilities. The introduction of ammonia during chloramination provides a potential source of nitrogen either through the addition of excess ammonia or through chloramine decay. This promotes the growth of nitrifying microorganisms and provides a nitrogen source (i.e., nitrate) for the growth for other organisms. While the roles of canonical ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in chloraminated drinking water systems have been extensively investigated, those studies have largely adopted a targeted gene-centered approach. Further, little is known about the potential long-term cooccurrence of complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox) bacteria and the potential metabolic synergies of nitrifying organisms with their heterotrophic counterparts that are capable of denitrification and nitrogen assimilation. This study leveraged data obtained for genome-resolved metagenomics over a time series to show that while nitrifying bacteria are dominant and likely to play a major role in nitrification, their cooccurrence with heterotrophic organisms suggests that nitric oxide production and nitrate reduction to ammonia may also occur in chloraminated drinking water systems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2379-5042</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2379-5042</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00274-20</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32350093</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>Ammonia ; Ammonia - metabolism ; Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ; Ammonium ; Applied and Environmental Science ; Archaea - classification ; Archaea - metabolism ; Bacteria ; Bacteria - classification ; Bacteria - metabolism ; Biofilms ; Biotransformation ; By products ; chloramination ; Chloramines - pharmacology ; Chlorine ; Denitrification ; Disinfectants ; Disinfection & disinfectants ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - microbiology ; drinking water systems ; Genes ; Genomes ; Heterotrophic organisms ; Metabolism ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microorganisms ; Nitrate reduction ; Nitrates ; Nitrates - metabolism ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrification ; Nitrifying bacteria ; Nitrites ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen - metabolism ; Nitrosomonas ; Nitrospira ; Oxidation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogenetics ; Taxonomy ; Water chemistry</subject><ispartof>mSphere, 2020-04, Vol.5 (2)</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2020 Potgieter et al.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Potgieter et al. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Potgieter et al. 2020 Potgieter et al.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c537t-3565b126b7d981720f9c3648eae4dc7191990d4504d17633154eec80ff2cdbb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c537t-3565b126b7d981720f9c3648eae4dc7191990d4504d17633154eec80ff2cdbb3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8765-6288 ; 0000-0003-1089-5664</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193043/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193043/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,3175,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32350093$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Potgieter, Sarah C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dai, Zihan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Venter, Stephanus N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sigudu, Makhosazana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinto, Ameet J</creatorcontrib><title>Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs</title><title>mSphere</title><addtitle>mSphere</addtitle><description>Ammonia availability due to chloramination can promote the growth of nitrifying organisms, which can deplete chloramine residuals and result in operational problems for drinking water utilities. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to determine the identity and functional potential of microorganisms involved in nitrogen biotransformation within chloraminated drinking water reservoirs. Spatial changes in the nitrogen species included an increase in nitrate concentrations accompanied by a decrease in ammonium concentrations with increasing distance from the site of chloramination. This nitrifying activity was likely driven by canonical ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) as well as by complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox)
-like bacteria. Functional annotation was used to evaluate genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the community gene catalogue contained mostly genes involved in nitrification, nitrate and nitrite reduction, and nitric oxide reduction. Furthermore, we assembled 47 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing a highly diverse assemblage of bacteria. Of these, five MAGs showed high coverage across all samples, which included two
, and
-like MAGs. Systematic genome-level analyses of these MAGs in relation to nitrogen metabolism suggest that under ammonia-limited conditions, nitrate may be also reduced back to ammonia for assimilation. Alternatively, nitrate may be reduced to nitric oxide and may potentially play a role in regulating biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides insight into the microbial communities and their nitrogen metabolism and, together with the water chemistry data, improves our understanding of nitrogen biotransformation in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.
Chloramines are often used as a secondary disinfectant when free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain. However, chloramination is often associated with the undesirable effect of nitrification, which results in operational problems for many drinking water utilities. The introduction of ammonia during chloramination provides a potential source of nitrogen either through the addition of excess ammonia or through chloramine decay. This promotes the growth of nitrifying microorganisms and provides a nitrogen source (i.e., nitrate) for the growth for other organisms. While the roles of canonical ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in chloraminated drinking water systems have been extensively investigated, those studies have largely adopted a targeted gene-centered approach. Further, little is known about the potential long-term cooccurrence of complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox) bacteria and the potential metabolic synergies of nitrifying organisms with their heterotrophic counterparts that are capable of denitrification and nitrogen assimilation. This study leveraged data obtained for genome-resolved metagenomics over a time series to show that while nitrifying bacteria are dominant and likely to play a major role in nitrification, their cooccurrence with heterotrophic organisms suggests that nitric oxide production and nitrate reduction to ammonia may also occur in chloraminated drinking water systems.</description><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Ammonia - metabolism</subject><subject>Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria</subject><subject>Ammonium</subject><subject>Applied and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Archaea - classification</subject><subject>Archaea - metabolism</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteria - classification</subject><subject>Bacteria - metabolism</subject><subject>Biofilms</subject><subject>Biotransformation</subject><subject>By products</subject><subject>chloramination</subject><subject>Chloramines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Denitrification</subject><subject>Disinfectants</subject><subject>Disinfection & disinfectants</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Drinking Water - microbiology</subject><subject>drinking water systems</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Heterotrophic organisms</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metagenome</subject><subject>Metagenomics</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Nitrate reduction</subject><subject>Nitrates</subject><subject>Nitrates - metabolism</subject><subject>Nitric oxide</subject><subject>Nitrification</subject><subject>Nitrifying bacteria</subject><subject>Nitrites</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Nitrogen - metabolism</subject><subject>Nitrosomonas</subject><subject>Nitrospira</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Taxonomy</subject><subject>Water chemistry</subject><issn>2379-5042</issn><issn>2379-5042</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkc1v1DAQxS0EotXSOycUiQuXtOOP2M4FCW2hrdSCBJU4WrYz2fWSxIudrcR_j9tdqpaTx56Zn97zI-QthVNKmT4bf2zXmPAUgClRM3hBjhlXbd2AYC-f1EfkJOcNAFDJpFTyNTnijDcALT8mlzfBp-iCHaqvYU5xhVN1g7N1cQh5rMJULddDTHYMk52xq85TmH6FaVX9LNdUfceM6S6GlN-QV70dMp4czgW5_fL5dnlZX3-7uFp-uq59w9Vc80Y2jjLpVNdqqhj0redSaLQoOq9oS9sWOlF0d1RJzmkjEL2Gvme-c44vyNUe20W7MdsURpv-mGiDeXiIaWVsmoMf0FjXNxS63lIAIZ132GsE2wIorxuFhfVxz9ru3Iidx2lOdngGfd6Zwtqs4p0pMjkIXgAfDoAUf-8wz2YM2eMw2AnjLhvGW6mL7WJkQd7_N7qJuzSVnzJMgGYKhL4Hwn6qZJJzwv5RDAVzH7o5hG4eQjcMysq7pyYeF_5FzP8CsDCpUg</recordid><startdate>20200429</startdate><enddate>20200429</enddate><creator>Potgieter, Sarah C</creator><creator>Dai, Zihan</creator><creator>Venter, Stephanus N</creator><creator>Sigudu, Makhosazana</creator><creator>Pinto, Ameet J</creator><general>American Society for Microbiology</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQGLB</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-6288</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-5664</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200429</creationdate><title>Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs</title><author>Potgieter, Sarah C ; Dai, Zihan ; Venter, Stephanus N ; Sigudu, Makhosazana ; Pinto, Ameet J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c537t-3565b126b7d981720f9c3648eae4dc7191990d4504d17633154eec80ff2cdbb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Ammonia - metabolism</topic><topic>Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria</topic><topic>Ammonium</topic><topic>Applied and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Archaea - classification</topic><topic>Archaea - metabolism</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacteria - classification</topic><topic>Bacteria - metabolism</topic><topic>Biofilms</topic><topic>Biotransformation</topic><topic>By products</topic><topic>chloramination</topic><topic>Chloramines - pharmacology</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Denitrification</topic><topic>Disinfectants</topic><topic>Disinfection & disinfectants</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Drinking Water - microbiology</topic><topic>drinking water systems</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Heterotrophic organisms</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metagenome</topic><topic>Metagenomics</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Nitrate reduction</topic><topic>Nitrates</topic><topic>Nitrates - metabolism</topic><topic>Nitric oxide</topic><topic>Nitrification</topic><topic>Nitrifying bacteria</topic><topic>Nitrites</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Nitrogen - metabolism</topic><topic>Nitrosomonas</topic><topic>Nitrospira</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Taxonomy</topic><topic>Water chemistry</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Potgieter, Sarah C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dai, Zihan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Venter, Stephanus N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sigudu, Makhosazana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinto, Ameet J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>mSphere</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Potgieter, Sarah C</au><au>Dai, Zihan</au><au>Venter, Stephanus N</au><au>Sigudu, Makhosazana</au><au>Pinto, Ameet J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs</atitle><jtitle>mSphere</jtitle><addtitle>mSphere</addtitle><date>2020-04-29</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><issn>2379-5042</issn><eissn>2379-5042</eissn><abstract>Ammonia availability due to chloramination can promote the growth of nitrifying organisms, which can deplete chloramine residuals and result in operational problems for drinking water utilities. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to determine the identity and functional potential of microorganisms involved in nitrogen biotransformation within chloraminated drinking water reservoirs. Spatial changes in the nitrogen species included an increase in nitrate concentrations accompanied by a decrease in ammonium concentrations with increasing distance from the site of chloramination. This nitrifying activity was likely driven by canonical ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (i.e.,
) as well as by complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox)
-like bacteria. Functional annotation was used to evaluate genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the community gene catalogue contained mostly genes involved in nitrification, nitrate and nitrite reduction, and nitric oxide reduction. Furthermore, we assembled 47 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing a highly diverse assemblage of bacteria. Of these, five MAGs showed high coverage across all samples, which included two
, and
-like MAGs. Systematic genome-level analyses of these MAGs in relation to nitrogen metabolism suggest that under ammonia-limited conditions, nitrate may be also reduced back to ammonia for assimilation. Alternatively, nitrate may be reduced to nitric oxide and may potentially play a role in regulating biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides insight into the microbial communities and their nitrogen metabolism and, together with the water chemistry data, improves our understanding of nitrogen biotransformation in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.
Chloramines are often used as a secondary disinfectant when free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain. However, chloramination is often associated with the undesirable effect of nitrification, which results in operational problems for many drinking water utilities. The introduction of ammonia during chloramination provides a potential source of nitrogen either through the addition of excess ammonia or through chloramine decay. This promotes the growth of nitrifying microorganisms and provides a nitrogen source (i.e., nitrate) for the growth for other organisms. While the roles of canonical ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in chloraminated drinking water systems have been extensively investigated, those studies have largely adopted a targeted gene-centered approach. Further, little is known about the potential long-term cooccurrence of complete-ammonia-oxidizing (i.e., comammox) bacteria and the potential metabolic synergies of nitrifying organisms with their heterotrophic counterparts that are capable of denitrification and nitrogen assimilation. This study leveraged data obtained for genome-resolved metagenomics over a time series to show that while nitrifying bacteria are dominant and likely to play a major role in nitrification, their cooccurrence with heterotrophic organisms suggests that nitric oxide production and nitrate reduction to ammonia may also occur in chloraminated drinking water systems.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Society for Microbiology</pub><pmid>32350093</pmid><doi>10.1128/mSphere.00274-20</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8765-6288</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-5664</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Ammonia Ammonia - metabolism Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Ammonium Applied and Environmental Science Archaea - classification Archaea - metabolism Bacteria Bacteria - classification Bacteria - metabolism Biofilms Biotransformation By products chloramination Chloramines - pharmacology Chlorine Denitrification Disinfectants Disinfection & disinfectants Drinking water Drinking Water - microbiology drinking water systems Genes Genomes Heterotrophic organisms Metabolism Metagenome Metagenomics Microorganisms Nitrate reduction Nitrates Nitrates - metabolism Nitric oxide Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrites Nitrogen Nitrogen - metabolism Nitrosomonas Nitrospira Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Phylogenetics Taxonomy Water chemistry |
title | Microbial Nitrogen Metabolism in Chloraminated Drinking Water Reservoirs |
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