Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus Section Nigri, and Genotype Associated with Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin B 2 Production in Garlic Marketed in Brazil

The garlic contains sulfur bioactive compounds responsible for medicinal properties. The decrease of these compounds due to inadequate storage conditions reduces the beneficial properties and favors infection by microorganisms. Several studies have shown high frequency of garlic infected with Aspergillus section Nigri that potentially produce mycotoxin. Garlic samples were collected in markets of Brazil and a total of 32 samples (of 36) had the fungal infection with predominant genus Aspergillus (50.3%), Penicillium (34.7%), and Fusarium (11%). A total of 63% (649/1031) of infection with Aspergillus section Nigri, of which 60 isolates were selected for analysis of genetic variability that resulted in 4 clusters. Representatives of clusters were identified by the calmodulin gene. Isolates from cluster I were subdivided into A-I and identified as A. niger (16 isolates) and the isolates of clusters B-I, II, and III were identified as A. welwitschiae (43 isolates). Besides, an isolate of the IV-cluster was identified by A. luchuensis. Further, we used the multiplex PCR to verify genotypes of 59 isolates, and none of these had OTA production-associated genotype. Moreover, 19 A. welwitschiae and 15 A. niger were FB production-associated genotype. Our study is the first report to the incidence of garlic infection in Brazil and to show that A. welwitschiae causes most of these infections.