Impact of ductus arteriosus constriction and restrictive foramen ovale on global hemodynamics for term fetuses with d‐TGA

The ductus arteriosus (DA) constriction and restrictive foramen ovale (FO) are known as the leading cause of compromise and death of fetuses with dextro‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA). Although the d‐TGA fetal hemodynamics is of great importance in making diagnosis and management of the congenital heart defect, it remains poorly understood, particularly in terms of abnormal DA and FO. In this study, we developed a closed‐loop 0‐1D multiscale model of the fetal cardiovascular system (CVS) specified for the d‐TGA circulation and conducted a systematic study of the impact of the DA constriction and restrictive FO on fetal hemodynamics. We found that the DA constriction led to a pronounced increase in the pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary and mitral valve (PV and MV) regurgitation as well as left heart volume; the restrictive FO was responsible for reducing MV E/A ratio, ie, the ratio of peak early filling and late diastolic filling velocities, and PV peak systolic flow (PSV) but could increase both aortic valve (AV) PSV and aortic isthmus systolic index (ISI). Moreover, the amount of blood flowing through the DA was observed equivalent to that through the FO; the influence of DA constriction on the cerebral and placental perfusions are larger than that of the FO. Our results demonstrate that the proposed fetal cardiovascular model may be a useful tool for studying the underlying mechanisms associated with d‐TGA fetal circulation and providing insights into its complex physiology and pathology. We conducted a systematic investigation of the d‐TGA fetal hemodynamics with a closed‐loop multiscale fetal circulation model. The main findings are: ductus arteriosus (DA) constriction induces pronounced increase in the pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary and mitral valve (PV and MV) regurgitations, and left heart volume; the restrictive foramen ovale (FO) induces the decreased MV E/A ratio (ie, the ratio of the peak early filling and late diastolic filling velocities) and PV peak systolic flow (PSV), but increased aortic valve (AV) PSV and aortic isthmus systolic index (ISI); the amount of blood flowing through DA is equivalent to that through FO; the cerebral and placental perfusions show higher sensitivity to DA than FO.