Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography

Background and Significance: Mechanical alternans (MA) is a biomarker associated with mortality and life-threatening arrhythmias in heart failure patients. Despite showing prognostic value, its use is limited by the requirement of measuring the continuous blood pressure (BP), which is costly and imp...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics 2019-11, Vol.23 (6), p.2409-2416
Hauptverfasser: Besleaga, Tudor, Badiani, Sveeta, Lloyd, Guy, Toschi, Nicola, Canichella, Antonio, Demosthenous, Andreas, Lambiase, Pier David, Orini, Michele
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext bestellen
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 2416
container_issue 6
container_start_page 2409
container_title IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics
container_volume 23
creator Besleaga, Tudor
Badiani, Sveeta
Lloyd, Guy
Toschi, Nicola
Canichella, Antonio
Demosthenous, Andreas
Lambiase, Pier David
Orini, Michele
description Background and Significance: Mechanical alternans (MA) is a biomarker associated with mortality and life-threatening arrhythmias in heart failure patients. Despite showing prognostic value, its use is limited by the requirement of measuring the continuous blood pressure (BP), which is costly and impractical. Objective: To develop and test, for the first time, non-invasive MA surrogates based on photoplethysmography (PPG). Methods: Continuous BP and PPG were recorded during clinical procedures and tests in 35 patients. MA was induced either by ventricular pacing (Group A, N = 19) or exercise (Group B, N = 16). MA was categorized as sustained or intermittent if MA episodes were observed in at least 20 or between 12 and 20 consecutive beats, respectively. Eight features characterizing the pulse morphology were derived from the PPG, and MA surrogates were evaluated. Results: Sustained alternans was observed in 9 patients (47%) from Group A, whereas intermittent alternans was observed in 13 patients (68%) from Group A and in 10 patients (63%) from Group B. The PPG-based MA surrogate showing the highest accuracy, V 1 M , was based on the maximum of the first derivative of the PPG pulse. It detected both sustained and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in Group A and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity in Group B. Furthermore, the magnitudes of MA and its PPG-based surrogate were linearly correlated (R 2 = 0.83, p
doi_str_mv 10.1109/JBHI.2018.2882550
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_RIE</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmed_primary_30475736</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><ieee_id>8542777</ieee_id><sourcerecordid>2138637453</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-79f42222a60880281e666eef6d20039aaf4d1d9a472df789ae7a16a77c3f5173</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkEtPwzAMgCMEYtPYD0BIqBIXLh15tEl6HOOxoQ04jHMVWnfN1DajaSeNX0-qPQ74Ysv-bMkfQtcEjwjB0cPb43Q2opjIEZWShiE-Q31KuPQpxfL8WJMo6KGhtWvsQrpWxC9Rj-FAhILxPlq8m8qfVVtl9Ra8J2ggabSpPJN5C0hyVelEFd64aKCuVGW9r0YX-ldXK-8zN43ZFNDkO1uaVa02-e4KXWSqsDA85AFavjwvJ1N__vE6m4znfsIi2vgiygLqQnEsJaaSAOccIOMpxZhFSmVBStJIBYKmmZCRAqEIV0IkLAuJYAN0vz-7qc1PC7aJS20TKApVgWltTAmTnIkgZA69-4euTeteKRzFCBPOnOwosqeS2lhbQxZval2qehcTHHe248523NmOD7bdzu3hcvtdQnraOLp1wM0e0ABwGsswoEII9gfM04I6</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2313782583</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography</title><source>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</source><creator>Besleaga, Tudor ; Badiani, Sveeta ; Lloyd, Guy ; Toschi, Nicola ; Canichella, Antonio ; Demosthenous, Andreas ; Lambiase, Pier David ; Orini, Michele</creator><creatorcontrib>Besleaga, Tudor ; Badiani, Sveeta ; Lloyd, Guy ; Toschi, Nicola ; Canichella, Antonio ; Demosthenous, Andreas ; Lambiase, Pier David ; Orini, Michele</creatorcontrib><description>Background and Significance: Mechanical alternans (MA) is a biomarker associated with mortality and life-threatening arrhythmias in heart failure patients. Despite showing prognostic value, its use is limited by the requirement of measuring the continuous blood pressure (BP), which is costly and impractical. Objective: To develop and test, for the first time, non-invasive MA surrogates based on photoplethysmography (PPG). Methods: Continuous BP and PPG were recorded during clinical procedures and tests in 35 patients. MA was induced either by ventricular pacing (Group A, N = 19) or exercise (Group B, N = 16). MA was categorized as sustained or intermittent if MA episodes were observed in at least 20 or between 12 and 20 consecutive beats, respectively. Eight features characterizing the pulse morphology were derived from the PPG, and MA surrogates were evaluated. Results: Sustained alternans was observed in 9 patients (47%) from Group A, whereas intermittent alternans was observed in 13 patients (68%) from Group A and in 10 patients (63%) from Group B. The PPG-based MA surrogate showing the highest accuracy, V 1 M , was based on the maximum of the first derivative of the PPG pulse. It detected both sustained and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in Group A and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity in Group B. Furthermore, the magnitudes of MA and its PPG-based surrogate were linearly correlated (R 2 = 0.83, p &lt;; 0.001). Conclusion: MA can be accurately identified non-invasively through PPG analysis. This may have important clinical implications for risk stratification and remote monitoring.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2168-2194</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2168-2208</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2018.2882550</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30475736</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJBHA9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: IEEE</publisher><subject>Algorithms ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac - diagnosis ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac - physiopathology ; Biomarkers ; Biomedical monitoring ; Blood pressure ; Blood pressure (BP) ; Blood Pressure - physiology ; Blood Pressure Determination - methods ; cardiac alternans ; Congestive heart failure ; Fingers ; Heart ; Heart Rate - physiology ; hemodynamic instabilities ; Humans ; Informatics ; mechanical alternans (MA) ; Monitoring ; Morphology ; Photoplethysmography ; photoplethysmography (PPG) ; Photoplethysmography - methods ; Remote monitoring ; Sensitivity ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Ventricle</subject><ispartof>IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, 2019-11, Vol.23 (6), p.2409-2416</ispartof><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-79f42222a60880281e666eef6d20039aaf4d1d9a472df789ae7a16a77c3f5173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-79f42222a60880281e666eef6d20039aaf4d1d9a472df789ae7a16a77c3f5173</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0412-8610 ; 0000-0003-1929-5833 ; 0000-0001-5773-0344 ; 0000-0003-0623-963X ; 0000-0003-1947-9122</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8542777$$EHTML$$P50$$Gieee$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,796,27923,27924,54757</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8542777$$EView_record_in_IEEE$$FView_record_in_$$GIEEE</linktorsrc><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30475736$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Besleaga, Tudor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badiani, Sveeta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lloyd, Guy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toschi, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canichella, Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demosthenous, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lambiase, Pier David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orini, Michele</creatorcontrib><title>Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography</title><title>IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics</title><addtitle>JBHI</addtitle><addtitle>IEEE J Biomed Health Inform</addtitle><description>Background and Significance: Mechanical alternans (MA) is a biomarker associated with mortality and life-threatening arrhythmias in heart failure patients. Despite showing prognostic value, its use is limited by the requirement of measuring the continuous blood pressure (BP), which is costly and impractical. Objective: To develop and test, for the first time, non-invasive MA surrogates based on photoplethysmography (PPG). Methods: Continuous BP and PPG were recorded during clinical procedures and tests in 35 patients. MA was induced either by ventricular pacing (Group A, N = 19) or exercise (Group B, N = 16). MA was categorized as sustained or intermittent if MA episodes were observed in at least 20 or between 12 and 20 consecutive beats, respectively. Eight features characterizing the pulse morphology were derived from the PPG, and MA surrogates were evaluated. Results: Sustained alternans was observed in 9 patients (47%) from Group A, whereas intermittent alternans was observed in 13 patients (68%) from Group A and in 10 patients (63%) from Group B. The PPG-based MA surrogate showing the highest accuracy, V 1 M , was based on the maximum of the first derivative of the PPG pulse. It detected both sustained and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in Group A and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity in Group B. Furthermore, the magnitudes of MA and its PPG-based surrogate were linearly correlated (R 2 = 0.83, p &lt;; 0.001). Conclusion: MA can be accurately identified non-invasively through PPG analysis. This may have important clinical implications for risk stratification and remote monitoring.</description><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Arrhythmias, Cardiac - diagnosis</subject><subject>Arrhythmias, Cardiac - physiopathology</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomedical monitoring</subject><subject>Blood pressure</subject><subject>Blood pressure (BP)</subject><subject>Blood Pressure - physiology</subject><subject>Blood Pressure Determination - methods</subject><subject>cardiac alternans</subject><subject>Congestive heart failure</subject><subject>Fingers</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>hemodynamic instabilities</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Informatics</subject><subject>mechanical alternans (MA)</subject><subject>Monitoring</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Photoplethysmography</subject><subject>photoplethysmography (PPG)</subject><subject>Photoplethysmography - methods</subject><subject>Remote monitoring</subject><subject>Sensitivity</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Ventricle</subject><issn>2168-2194</issn><issn>2168-2208</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkEtPwzAMgCMEYtPYD0BIqBIXLh15tEl6HOOxoQ04jHMVWnfN1DajaSeNX0-qPQ74Ysv-bMkfQtcEjwjB0cPb43Q2opjIEZWShiE-Q31KuPQpxfL8WJMo6KGhtWvsQrpWxC9Rj-FAhILxPlq8m8qfVVtl9Ra8J2ggabSpPJN5C0hyVelEFd64aKCuVGW9r0YX-ldXK-8zN43ZFNDkO1uaVa02-e4KXWSqsDA85AFavjwvJ1N__vE6m4znfsIi2vgiygLqQnEsJaaSAOccIOMpxZhFSmVBStJIBYKmmZCRAqEIV0IkLAuJYAN0vz-7qc1PC7aJS20TKApVgWltTAmTnIkgZA69-4euTeteKRzFCBPOnOwosqeS2lhbQxZval2qehcTHHe248523NmOD7bdzu3hcvtdQnraOLp1wM0e0ABwGsswoEII9gfM04I6</recordid><startdate>201911</startdate><enddate>201911</enddate><creator>Besleaga, Tudor</creator><creator>Badiani, Sveeta</creator><creator>Lloyd, Guy</creator><creator>Toschi, Nicola</creator><creator>Canichella, Antonio</creator><creator>Demosthenous, Andreas</creator><creator>Lambiase, Pier David</creator><creator>Orini, Michele</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QF</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SC</scope><scope>7SE</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TA</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>JQ2</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>L~C</scope><scope>L~D</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0412-8610</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-5833</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-0344</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1947-9122</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201911</creationdate><title>Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography</title><author>Besleaga, Tudor ; Badiani, Sveeta ; Lloyd, Guy ; Toschi, Nicola ; Canichella, Antonio ; Demosthenous, Andreas ; Lambiase, Pier David ; Orini, Michele</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c392t-79f42222a60880281e666eef6d20039aaf4d1d9a472df789ae7a16a77c3f5173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Algorithms</topic><topic>Arrhythmias, Cardiac - diagnosis</topic><topic>Arrhythmias, Cardiac - physiopathology</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Biomedical monitoring</topic><topic>Blood pressure</topic><topic>Blood pressure (BP)</topic><topic>Blood Pressure - physiology</topic><topic>Blood Pressure Determination - methods</topic><topic>cardiac alternans</topic><topic>Congestive heart failure</topic><topic>Fingers</topic><topic>Heart</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>hemodynamic instabilities</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Informatics</topic><topic>mechanical alternans (MA)</topic><topic>Monitoring</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Photoplethysmography</topic><topic>photoplethysmography (PPG)</topic><topic>Photoplethysmography - methods</topic><topic>Remote monitoring</topic><topic>Sensitivity</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Ventricle</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Besleaga, Tudor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Badiani, Sveeta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lloyd, Guy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toschi, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canichella, Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demosthenous, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lambiase, Pier David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Orini, Michele</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present</collection><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics &amp; Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical &amp; Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology &amp; Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Besleaga, Tudor</au><au>Badiani, Sveeta</au><au>Lloyd, Guy</au><au>Toschi, Nicola</au><au>Canichella, Antonio</au><au>Demosthenous, Andreas</au><au>Lambiase, Pier David</au><au>Orini, Michele</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography</atitle><jtitle>IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics</jtitle><stitle>JBHI</stitle><addtitle>IEEE J Biomed Health Inform</addtitle><date>2019-11</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>2409</spage><epage>2416</epage><pages>2409-2416</pages><issn>2168-2194</issn><eissn>2168-2208</eissn><coden>IJBHA9</coden><abstract>Background and Significance: Mechanical alternans (MA) is a biomarker associated with mortality and life-threatening arrhythmias in heart failure patients. Despite showing prognostic value, its use is limited by the requirement of measuring the continuous blood pressure (BP), which is costly and impractical. Objective: To develop and test, for the first time, non-invasive MA surrogates based on photoplethysmography (PPG). Methods: Continuous BP and PPG were recorded during clinical procedures and tests in 35 patients. MA was induced either by ventricular pacing (Group A, N = 19) or exercise (Group B, N = 16). MA was categorized as sustained or intermittent if MA episodes were observed in at least 20 or between 12 and 20 consecutive beats, respectively. Eight features characterizing the pulse morphology were derived from the PPG, and MA surrogates were evaluated. Results: Sustained alternans was observed in 9 patients (47%) from Group A, whereas intermittent alternans was observed in 13 patients (68%) from Group A and in 10 patients (63%) from Group B. The PPG-based MA surrogate showing the highest accuracy, V 1 M , was based on the maximum of the first derivative of the PPG pulse. It detected both sustained and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in Group A and intermittent MA with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity in Group B. Furthermore, the magnitudes of MA and its PPG-based surrogate were linearly correlated (R 2 = 0.83, p &lt;; 0.001). Conclusion: MA can be accurately identified non-invasively through PPG analysis. This may have important clinical implications for risk stratification and remote monitoring.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><pmid>30475736</pmid><doi>10.1109/JBHI.2018.2882550</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0412-8610</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-5833</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-0344</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1947-9122</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext_linktorsrc
identifier ISSN: 2168-2194
ispartof IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, 2019-11, Vol.23 (6), p.2409-2416
issn 2168-2194
2168-2208
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmed_primary_30475736
source IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
subjects Algorithms
Arrhythmias, Cardiac - diagnosis
Arrhythmias, Cardiac - physiopathology
Biomarkers
Biomedical monitoring
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP)
Blood Pressure - physiology
Blood Pressure Determination - methods
cardiac alternans
Congestive heart failure
Fingers
Heart
Heart Rate - physiology
hemodynamic instabilities
Humans
Informatics
mechanical alternans (MA)
Monitoring
Morphology
Photoplethysmography
photoplethysmography (PPG)
Photoplethysmography - methods
Remote monitoring
Sensitivity
Sensitivity and Specificity
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Ventricle
title Non-Invasive Detection of Mechanical Alternans Utilizing Photoplethysmography
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-12T22%3A44%3A01IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_RIE&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Non-Invasive%20Detection%20of%20Mechanical%20Alternans%20Utilizing%20Photoplethysmography&rft.jtitle=IEEE%20journal%20of%20biomedical%20and%20health%20informatics&rft.au=Besleaga,%20Tudor&rft.date=2019-11&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=2409&rft.epage=2416&rft.pages=2409-2416&rft.issn=2168-2194&rft.eissn=2168-2208&rft.coden=IJBHA9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109/JBHI.2018.2882550&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_RIE%3E2138637453%3C/proquest_RIE%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2313782583&rft_id=info:pmid/30475736&rft_ieee_id=8542777&rfr_iscdi=true