Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts
Context: Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity. Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pharmaceutical biology 2017, Vol.55 (1), p.1780-1786 |
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| creator | Garcia, Andreza R. Amaral, Ana Claudia F. Azevedo, Mariana M. B. Corte-Real, Suzana Lopes, Rosana C. Alviano, Celuta S. Pinheiro, Anderson S. Vermelho, Alane B. Rodrigues, Igor A. |
| description | Context: Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity.
Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts.
Materials and methods: Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL).
Results: CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC
50
) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380 |
| format | Article |
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Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts.
Materials and methods: Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL).
Results: CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC
50
) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1388-0209</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1744-5116</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1744-5116</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28524774</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Taylor & Francis</publisher><subject>Acetic acid ; Amastigotes ; Amphotericin B ; Animals ; Antileishmanial activity ; Antileishmanial agents ; antileishmanial properties ; Antimicrobial activity ; Antiprotozoal Agents - isolation & purification ; Antiprotozoal Agents - pharmacology ; Antiprotozoal Agents - toxicity ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; citrus genus ; Citrus sinensis ; Citrus sinensis - chemistry ; Citrus sinensis - toxicity ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis ; Cytotoxicity ; Dichloromethane ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ethanol ; Ethyl acetate ; genus ; hexane ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; leaves ; Leishmania - drug effects ; Leishmania - growth & development ; Leishmania - ultrastructure ; Leishmania amazonensis ; lipid bodies ; maceration ; macrophage infection ; Macrophages ; Macrophages - parasitology ; methylene chloride ; Mice ; Mitochondria ; Original ; Parasites ; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests ; Phytotherapy ; Plant extracts ; Plant Extracts - isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts - pharmacology ; Plant Extracts - toxicity ; Plant Leaves - chemistry ; Plant Leaves - toxicity ; Plants, Medicinal ; Promastigotes ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Solvents - chemistry ; tetrazolium ; Transmission electron microscopy ; triterpenoids ; Ultrastructure</subject><ispartof>Pharmaceutical biology, 2017, Vol.55 (1), p.1780-1786</ispartof><rights>2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. 2017</rights><rights>2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. 2017 The Author(s).</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-ed0feda7517084f4b47813cf8e73cc4b8f538df68ad8a0e8dda10ad0157f22783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-ed0feda7517084f4b47813cf8e73cc4b8f538df68ad8a0e8dda10ad0157f22783</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8997-1206 ; 0000-0001-5926-4172 ; 0000-0001-9432-3991</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6130762/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6130762/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,4010,27479,27900,27901,27902,53766,53768,59116,59117</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28524774$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Andreza R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaral, Ana Claudia F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azevedo, Mariana M. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corte-Real, Suzana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopes, Rosana C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alviano, Celuta S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinheiro, Anderson S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vermelho, Alane B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodrigues, Igor A.</creatorcontrib><title>Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts</title><title>Pharmaceutical biology</title><addtitle>Pharm Biol</addtitle><description>Context: Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity.
Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts.
Materials and methods: Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL).
Results: CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC
50
) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.</description><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Amastigotes</subject><subject>Amphotericin B</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antileishmanial activity</subject><subject>Antileishmanial agents</subject><subject>antileishmanial properties</subject><subject>Antimicrobial activity</subject><subject>Antiprotozoal Agents - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Antiprotozoal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antiprotozoal Agents - toxicity</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>citrus genus</subject><subject>Citrus sinensis</subject><subject>Citrus sinensis - chemistry</subject><subject>Citrus sinensis - toxicity</subject><subject>Cutaneous leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Dichloromethane</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Ethanol</subject><subject>Ethyl acetate</subject><subject>genus</subject><subject>hexane</subject><subject>Inhibitory Concentration 50</subject><subject>leaves</subject><subject>Leishmania - drug effects</subject><subject>Leishmania - growth & development</subject><subject>Leishmania - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Leishmania amazonensis</subject><subject>lipid bodies</subject><subject>maceration</subject><subject>macrophage infection</subject><subject>Macrophages</subject><subject>Macrophages - parasitology</subject><subject>methylene chloride</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Mitochondria</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic Sensitivity Tests</subject><subject>Phytotherapy</subject><subject>Plant extracts</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - toxicity</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - toxicity</subject><subject>Plants, Medicinal</subject><subject>Promastigotes</subject><subject>RAW 264.7 Cells</subject><subject>Solvents - chemistry</subject><subject>tetrazolium</subject><subject>Transmission electron microscopy</subject><subject>triterpenoids</subject><subject>Ultrastructure</subject><issn>1388-0209</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>0YH</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkk1vEzEQhlcIREvhJ4BW4sJlw_hr7b0gUMRHpUhcgKs18UfraHddbKc0_HocklaUAxwsWzPPvOOx36Z5TmBBQMFrwpQCCsOCApELwqhgCh40p0Ry3glC-of1XJluD500T3LeAIBgTDxuTqgSlEvJT5tvy12JJd4EE8quxdnWVUK3ciFfTjgHbHHCn3F2cw65RVPC9R6Mvl2Gkra5zeGYGx361t2UVKH8tHnkcczu2XE_a75-eP9l-albff54vny36owYROmcBe8sSkEkKO75mktFmPHKSWYMXytfp7K-V2gVglPWIgG0QIT0lErFzprzg66NuNFXKUyYdjpi0L8DMV1oTCWY0WlruONo1v1gOKceULBBUceG2qMXFKrWm4PW1XY9OWvcXGcZ74nez8zhUl_Ea90TBrKnVeDVUSDF71uXi55CNm4ccXZxmzXlbOBUyfoJ_0PJAKAYG9geffkXuonbNNdX1ZQMgqqBKF4pcaBMijkn5-_uTUDvDaNvDaP3htFHw9S6F38OfVd165AKvD0AYfYxTfgjptHqgrsxJp9wNiFr9u8evwB9AdBc</recordid><startdate>2017</startdate><enddate>2017</enddate><creator>Garcia, Andreza R.</creator><creator>Amaral, Ana Claudia F.</creator><creator>Azevedo, Mariana M. B.</creator><creator>Corte-Real, Suzana</creator><creator>Lopes, Rosana C.</creator><creator>Alviano, Celuta S.</creator><creator>Pinheiro, Anderson S.</creator><creator>Vermelho, Alane B.</creator><creator>Rodrigues, Igor A.</creator><general>Taylor & Francis</general><general>Taylor & Francis Ltd</general><general>Taylor & Francis Group</general><scope>0YH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8997-1206</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-4172</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-3991</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2017</creationdate><title>Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts</title><author>Garcia, Andreza R. ; Amaral, Ana Claudia F. ; Azevedo, Mariana M. B. ; Corte-Real, Suzana ; Lopes, Rosana C. ; Alviano, Celuta S. ; Pinheiro, Anderson S. ; Vermelho, Alane B. ; Rodrigues, Igor A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-ed0feda7517084f4b47813cf8e73cc4b8f538df68ad8a0e8dda10ad0157f22783</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Amastigotes</topic><topic>Amphotericin B</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antileishmanial activity</topic><topic>Antileishmanial agents</topic><topic>antileishmanial properties</topic><topic>Antimicrobial activity</topic><topic>Antiprotozoal Agents - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Antiprotozoal Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Antiprotozoal Agents - toxicity</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>citrus genus</topic><topic>Citrus sinensis</topic><topic>Citrus sinensis - chemistry</topic><topic>Citrus sinensis - toxicity</topic><topic>Cutaneous leishmaniasis</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Dichloromethane</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Ethanol</topic><topic>Ethyl acetate</topic><topic>genus</topic><topic>hexane</topic><topic>Inhibitory Concentration 50</topic><topic>leaves</topic><topic>Leishmania - drug effects</topic><topic>Leishmania - growth & development</topic><topic>Leishmania - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Leishmania amazonensis</topic><topic>lipid bodies</topic><topic>maceration</topic><topic>macrophage infection</topic><topic>Macrophages</topic><topic>Macrophages - parasitology</topic><topic>methylene chloride</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Mitochondria</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Parasitic Sensitivity Tests</topic><topic>Phytotherapy</topic><topic>Plant extracts</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - pharmacology</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - toxicity</topic><topic>Plant Leaves - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Leaves - toxicity</topic><topic>Plants, Medicinal</topic><topic>Promastigotes</topic><topic>RAW 264.7 Cells</topic><topic>Solvents - chemistry</topic><topic>tetrazolium</topic><topic>Transmission electron microscopy</topic><topic>triterpenoids</topic><topic>Ultrastructure</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Garcia, Andreza R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaral, Ana Claudia F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azevedo, Mariana M. B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corte-Real, Suzana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lopes, Rosana C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alviano, Celuta S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinheiro, Anderson S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vermelho, Alane B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rodrigues, Igor A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Taylor & Francis Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Pharmaceutical biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Garcia, Andreza R.</au><au>Amaral, Ana Claudia F.</au><au>Azevedo, Mariana M. B.</au><au>Corte-Real, Suzana</au><au>Lopes, Rosana C.</au><au>Alviano, Celuta S.</au><au>Pinheiro, Anderson S.</au><au>Vermelho, Alane B.</au><au>Rodrigues, Igor A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts</atitle><jtitle>Pharmaceutical biology</jtitle><addtitle>Pharm Biol</addtitle><date>2017</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1780</spage><epage>1786</epage><pages>1780-1786</pages><issn>1388-0209</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><eissn>1744-5116</eissn><abstract>Context: Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity.
Objective: This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts.
Materials and methods: Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL).
Results: CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC
50
) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Taylor & Francis</pub><pmid>28524774</pmid><doi>10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8997-1206</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-4172</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-3991</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Pharmaceutical biology, 2017, Vol.55 (1), p.1780-1786 |
| issn | 1388-0209 1744-5116 1744-5116 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmed_primary_28524774 |
| source | Taylor & Francis Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Acetic acid Amastigotes Amphotericin B Animals Antileishmanial activity Antileishmanial agents antileishmanial properties Antimicrobial activity Antiprotozoal Agents - isolation & purification Antiprotozoal Agents - pharmacology Antiprotozoal Agents - toxicity Cell Survival - drug effects citrus genus Citrus sinensis Citrus sinensis - chemistry Citrus sinensis - toxicity Cutaneous leishmaniasis Cytotoxicity Dichloromethane Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Ethanol Ethyl acetate genus hexane Inhibitory Concentration 50 leaves Leishmania - drug effects Leishmania - growth & development Leishmania - ultrastructure Leishmania amazonensis lipid bodies maceration macrophage infection Macrophages Macrophages - parasitology methylene chloride Mice Mitochondria Original Parasites Parasitic Sensitivity Tests Phytotherapy Plant extracts Plant Extracts - isolation & purification Plant Extracts - pharmacology Plant Extracts - toxicity Plant Leaves - chemistry Plant Leaves - toxicity Plants, Medicinal Promastigotes RAW 264.7 Cells Solvents - chemistry tetrazolium Transmission electron microscopy triterpenoids Ultrastructure |
| title | Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-16T07%3A23%3A21IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cytotoxicity%20and%20anti-Leishmania%20amazonensis%20activity%20of%20Citrus%20sinensis%20leaf%20extracts&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical%20biology&rft.au=Garcia,%20Andreza%20R.&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=1780&rft.epage=1786&rft.pages=1780-1786&rft.issn=1388-0209&rft.eissn=1744-5116&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2195289184%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2195289184&rft_id=info:pmid/28524774&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_dc4e4acb69c442f0a53982e39f536520&rfr_iscdi=true |