Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances
Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that huma...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Biological sciences, 2009-02, Vol.276 (1656), p.523-532 |
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creator | Wichmann, Matthias C Alexander, Matt J Soons, Merel B Galsworthy, Stephen Dunne, Laura Gould, Robert Fairfax, Christina Niggemann, Marc Hails, Rosie S Bullock, James M |
description | Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1098/rspb.2008.1131 |
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Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0962-8452</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-2954</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1131</identifier><identifier>PMID: 18826932</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: The Royal Society</publisher><subject>Brassica - physiology ; Cliffs ; Human Activities ; Human Impacts ; Human-Mediated Dispersal ; Humans ; Long-Distance Dispersal ; Mechanistic Models ; Modeling ; Models, Biological ; Plants ; Population ecology ; Seed dispersal ; Seeds ; Seeds - physiology ; Shoe Dispersal ; Shoes ; Simulations ; Species Specificity ; Walking ; Wind Dispersal ; Wind velocity</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences, 2009-02, Vol.276 (1656), p.523-532</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2008 The Royal Society</rights><rights>2008 The Royal Society</rights><rights>2008 The Royal Society 2008</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c687t-ac114bcf731990a03653c98d025d40b6c846828415d8cbf945d446af4fe419253</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c687t-ac114bcf731990a03653c98d025d40b6c846828415d8cbf945d446af4fe419253</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30244887$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/30244887$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,805,887,27931,27932,53798,53800,58024,58257</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18826932$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wichmann, Matthias C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alexander, Matt J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soons, Merel B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galsworthy, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunne, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gould, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fairfax, Christina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niggemann, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hails, Rosie S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bullock, James M</creatorcontrib><title>Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances</title><title>Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences</title><addtitle>PROC R SOC B</addtitle><description>Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD.</description><subject>Brassica - physiology</subject><subject>Cliffs</subject><subject>Human Activities</subject><subject>Human Impacts</subject><subject>Human-Mediated Dispersal</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Long-Distance Dispersal</subject><subject>Mechanistic Models</subject><subject>Modeling</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Population ecology</subject><subject>Seed dispersal</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Seeds - physiology</subject><subject>Shoe Dispersal</subject><subject>Shoes</subject><subject>Simulations</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>Walking</subject><subject>Wind Dispersal</subject><subject>Wind velocity</subject><issn>0962-8452</issn><issn>1471-2954</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1v0zAYxi0EYmVw5QbKiVs6f8e-gGDa2KRpXABxe-U4TpuSxpmdjPW_x1GqQg-Mk2U_H3qSH0KvCV4SrNVZiH25pBirJSGMPEELwguSUy34U7TAWtJccUFP0IsYNxhjLZR4jk6IUlRqRhdIXI1b0-VbVzVmcFVWNbF3IZo283UWnati5u9dyFrfrSZxMJ118SV6Vps2ulf78xR9u7z4en6V33z5fH3-8Sa3UhVDbiwhvLR1wYjW2GAmBbNaVZiKiuNSWsWloooTUSlb1pqnZy5NzWvHiaaCnaL3c28_lmmidd0QTAt9aLYm7MCbBo6VrlnDyt8DlZIzTlPBu31B8HejiwNsm2hd25rO-TGClIXgQsr_GilmVPBimrScjTb4GIOrD2sIhgkJTEhgQgITkhR4-_c3_LHvGSQDmw3B79LP9LZxww42fgxduv679s2c2sTBh0Mrw5RzpYqk57OemLmHg27CT5AFKwR8Vxz0j0-38hJrmPrI7F83q_WvJjg4mpMufYhpQCGBSCFBUJYyHx7NTIut74YE5ygI9dgmilXNfgO8-Nnn</recordid><startdate>20090207</startdate><enddate>20090207</enddate><creator>Wichmann, Matthias C</creator><creator>Alexander, Matt J</creator><creator>Soons, Merel B</creator><creator>Galsworthy, Stephen</creator><creator>Dunne, Laura</creator><creator>Gould, Robert</creator><creator>Fairfax, Christina</creator><creator>Niggemann, Marc</creator><creator>Hails, Rosie S</creator><creator>Bullock, James M</creator><general>The Royal Society</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090207</creationdate><title>Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances</title><author>Wichmann, Matthias C ; Alexander, Matt J ; Soons, Merel B ; Galsworthy, Stephen ; Dunne, Laura ; Gould, Robert ; Fairfax, Christina ; Niggemann, Marc ; Hails, Rosie S ; Bullock, James M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c687t-ac114bcf731990a03653c98d025d40b6c846828415d8cbf945d446af4fe419253</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Brassica - physiology</topic><topic>Cliffs</topic><topic>Human Activities</topic><topic>Human Impacts</topic><topic>Human-Mediated Dispersal</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Long-Distance Dispersal</topic><topic>Mechanistic Models</topic><topic>Modeling</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Population ecology</topic><topic>Seed dispersal</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Seeds - physiology</topic><topic>Shoe Dispersal</topic><topic>Shoes</topic><topic>Simulations</topic><topic>Species Specificity</topic><topic>Walking</topic><topic>Wind Dispersal</topic><topic>Wind velocity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wichmann, Matthias C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alexander, Matt J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soons, Merel B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galsworthy, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunne, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gould, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fairfax, Christina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niggemann, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hails, Rosie S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bullock, James M</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wichmann, Matthias C</au><au>Alexander, Matt J</au><au>Soons, Merel B</au><au>Galsworthy, Stephen</au><au>Dunne, Laura</au><au>Gould, Robert</au><au>Fairfax, Christina</au><au>Niggemann, Marc</au><au>Hails, Rosie S</au><au>Bullock, James M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances</atitle><jtitle>Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences</jtitle><addtitle>PROC R SOC B</addtitle><date>2009-02-07</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>276</volume><issue>1656</issue><spage>523</spage><epage>532</epage><pages>523-532</pages><issn>0962-8452</issn><eissn>1471-2954</eissn><abstract>Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>The Royal Society</pub><pmid>18826932</pmid><doi>10.1098/rspb.2008.1131</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Brassica - physiology Cliffs Human Activities Human Impacts Human-Mediated Dispersal Humans Long-Distance Dispersal Mechanistic Models Modeling Models, Biological Plants Population ecology Seed dispersal Seeds Seeds - physiology Shoe Dispersal Shoes Simulations Species Specificity Walking Wind Dispersal Wind velocity |
title | Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances |
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