A CdZnTe slot-scanned detector for digital mammography
A new high-resolution detector has been developed for use in a slot-scanned digital mammography system. The detector is a hybrid device that consists of a CCD operating in time-delay integration mode that is bonded to a 150-μm-thick CdZnTe photoconductor array. The CCD was designed with a detector e...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Medical physics (Lancaster) 2002-12, Vol.29 (12), p.2767-2781 |
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| creator | Mainprize, James G. Ford, Nancy L. Yin, Shi Gordon, Eli E. Hamilton, William J. Tümer, Tümay O. Yaffe, Martin J. |
| description | A new high-resolution detector has been developed for use in a slot-scanned digital mammography system. The detector is a hybrid device that consists of a CCD operating in time-delay integration mode that is bonded to a 150-μm-thick CdZnTe photoconductor array. The CCD was designed with a detector element pitch of 50 μm. Two devices were evaluated with differing crystalline quality. Incomplete charge collection was a source of reduction in DQE. This occurs in both devices due to characteristically low mobility-lifetime products for CdZnTe, with the greatest losses demonstrated by the multicrystalline sample. The mobility-lifetime products for the multicrystalline device were found to be
2.4×10
−4
and
4.0×10
−7
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes, respectively. The device constructed with higher quality single crystal CdZnTe demonstrated mobility-lifetime products of
1.0×10
−4
and
4.4×10
−6
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes. The MTF and DQE for the device were measured at several exposures and results were compared to predictions from a linear systems model of signal and noise propagation. The MTF at a spatial frequency of
10
mm
−1
exceeded 0.18 and 0.56 along the scan and slot directions, respectively. Scanning motion and CCD design limited the resolution along the scan direction. For an x-ray beam from a tungsten target tube with 40 μm molybdenum filtration operated at 26 kV, the single crystal device demonstrated a DQE(0) of
0.70±0.02
at
7.1×10
−6
C/kg (27 mR) exposure to the detector, despite its relatively poor charge collection efficiency. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1118/1.1523932 |
| format | Article |
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2.4×10
−4
and
4.0×10
−7
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes, respectively. The device constructed with higher quality single crystal CdZnTe demonstrated mobility-lifetime products of
1.0×10
−4
and
4.4×10
−6
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes. The MTF and DQE for the device were measured at several exposures and results were compared to predictions from a linear systems model of signal and noise propagation. The MTF at a spatial frequency of
10
mm
−1
exceeded 0.18 and 0.56 along the scan and slot directions, respectively. Scanning motion and CCD design limited the resolution along the scan direction. For an x-ray beam from a tungsten target tube with 40 μm molybdenum filtration operated at 26 kV, the single crystal device demonstrated a DQE(0) of
0.70±0.02
at
7.1×10
−6
C/kg (27 mR) exposure to the detector, despite its relatively poor charge collection efficiency.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-2405</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2473-4209</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1118/1.1523932</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12512710</identifier><identifier>CODEN: MPHYA6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Association of Physicists in Medicine</publisher><subject>biomedical electronics ; Cadmium ; cadmium compounds ; cadmium zinc telluride ; CCD image sensors ; charge collection efficiency ; Charge coupled devices ; charge exchange ; diagnostic radiography ; digital mammography ; DQE ; electron mobility ; Electrons ; Fingers - diagnostic imaging ; fluorescence ; hole mobility ; Humans ; II‐VI semiconductors ; image quality ; Imaging detectors and sensors ; Isotopes ; Low‐field transport and mobility; piezoresistance ; Mammography ; Mammography - instrumentation ; Mammography - methods ; Models, Statistical ; Modulation transfer functions ; Monte Carlo Method ; Monte Carlo methods ; Phantoms, Imaging ; photoconducting materials ; Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects ; Photoconductors ; photodetectors ; Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors) ; photodiodes ; Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors ; Photons ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiometry - instrumentation ; Radiometry - methods ; semiconductor device noise ; Single crystals ; Tellurium ; X-Rays ; X‐ray detection ; x‐ray detectors ; Zinc ; zinc compounds</subject><ispartof>Medical physics (Lancaster), 2002-12, Vol.29 (12), p.2767-2781</ispartof><rights>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><rights>2002 American Association of Physicists in Medicine</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3892-c2803c07a1f0afc17f03a1616dc7d42e6c04a811a73268cadaf2bd3f836b71013</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3892-c2803c07a1f0afc17f03a1616dc7d42e6c04a811a73268cadaf2bd3f836b71013</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1118%2F1.1523932$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1118%2F1.1523932$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1416,27923,27924,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512710$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mainprize, James G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ford, Nancy L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gordon, Eli E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamilton, William J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tümer, Tümay O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaffe, Martin J.</creatorcontrib><title>A CdZnTe slot-scanned detector for digital mammography</title><title>Medical physics (Lancaster)</title><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><description>A new high-resolution detector has been developed for use in a slot-scanned digital mammography system. The detector is a hybrid device that consists of a CCD operating in time-delay integration mode that is bonded to a 150-μm-thick CdZnTe photoconductor array. The CCD was designed with a detector element pitch of 50 μm. Two devices were evaluated with differing crystalline quality. Incomplete charge collection was a source of reduction in DQE. This occurs in both devices due to characteristically low mobility-lifetime products for CdZnTe, with the greatest losses demonstrated by the multicrystalline sample. The mobility-lifetime products for the multicrystalline device were found to be
2.4×10
−4
and
4.0×10
−7
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes, respectively. The device constructed with higher quality single crystal CdZnTe demonstrated mobility-lifetime products of
1.0×10
−4
and
4.4×10
−6
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes. The MTF and DQE for the device were measured at several exposures and results were compared to predictions from a linear systems model of signal and noise propagation. The MTF at a spatial frequency of
10
mm
−1
exceeded 0.18 and 0.56 along the scan and slot directions, respectively. Scanning motion and CCD design limited the resolution along the scan direction. For an x-ray beam from a tungsten target tube with 40 μm molybdenum filtration operated at 26 kV, the single crystal device demonstrated a DQE(0) of
0.70±0.02
at
7.1×10
−6
C/kg (27 mR) exposure to the detector, despite its relatively poor charge collection efficiency.</description><subject>biomedical electronics</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>cadmium compounds</subject><subject>cadmium zinc telluride</subject><subject>CCD image sensors</subject><subject>charge collection efficiency</subject><subject>Charge coupled devices</subject><subject>charge exchange</subject><subject>diagnostic radiography</subject><subject>digital mammography</subject><subject>DQE</subject><subject>electron mobility</subject><subject>Electrons</subject><subject>Fingers - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>fluorescence</subject><subject>hole mobility</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>II‐VI semiconductors</subject><subject>image quality</subject><subject>Imaging detectors and sensors</subject><subject>Isotopes</subject><subject>Low‐field transport and mobility; piezoresistance</subject><subject>Mammography</subject><subject>Mammography - instrumentation</subject><subject>Mammography - methods</subject><subject>Models, Statistical</subject><subject>Modulation transfer functions</subject><subject>Monte Carlo Method</subject><subject>Monte Carlo methods</subject><subject>Phantoms, Imaging</subject><subject>photoconducting materials</subject><subject>Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects</subject><subject>Photoconductors</subject><subject>photodetectors</subject><subject>Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)</subject><subject>photodiodes</subject><subject>Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors</subject><subject>Photons</subject><subject>Radiation Dosage</subject><subject>Radiometry - instrumentation</subject><subject>Radiometry - methods</subject><subject>semiconductor device noise</subject><subject>Single crystals</subject><subject>Tellurium</subject><subject>X-Rays</subject><subject>X‐ray detection</subject><subject>x‐ray detectors</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><subject>zinc compounds</subject><issn>0094-2405</issn><issn>2473-4209</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9z01Lw0AQBuBFFFurB_-A5KqwdWY32STHEuoHVPRQL17Cdj9qJF_sRqX_3kiCCqKHYS7PvMxLyCnCHBGTS5xjxHjK2R6ZsjDmNGSQ7pMpQBpSFkI0IUfevwCA4BEckgmyCFmMMCViEWT6qV6bwJdNR72SdW10oE1nVNe4wPaji23RyTKoZFU1Wyfb590xObCy9OZk3DPyeLVcZzd0dX99my1WVPEkZVSxBLiCWKIFaRXGFrhEgUKrWIfMCAWhTBBlzJlIlNTSso3mNuFi07-HfEbOh1zlGu-dsXnrikq6XY6Qf3bPMR-79_ZssO3rpjL6W45le0AH8F6UZvd3Un73MAZeDN6rvn9XNPXXzVvjfvhW2__w71c_AHJ5e_E</recordid><startdate>200212</startdate><enddate>200212</enddate><creator>Mainprize, James G.</creator><creator>Ford, Nancy L.</creator><creator>Yin, Shi</creator><creator>Gordon, Eli E.</creator><creator>Hamilton, William J.</creator><creator>Tümer, Tümay O.</creator><creator>Yaffe, Martin J.</creator><general>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200212</creationdate><title>A CdZnTe slot-scanned detector for digital mammography</title><author>Mainprize, James G. ; Ford, Nancy L. ; Yin, Shi ; Gordon, Eli E. ; Hamilton, William J. ; Tümer, Tümay O. ; Yaffe, Martin J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3892-c2803c07a1f0afc17f03a1616dc7d42e6c04a811a73268cadaf2bd3f836b71013</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>biomedical electronics</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>cadmium compounds</topic><topic>cadmium zinc telluride</topic><topic>CCD image sensors</topic><topic>charge collection efficiency</topic><topic>Charge coupled devices</topic><topic>charge exchange</topic><topic>diagnostic radiography</topic><topic>digital mammography</topic><topic>DQE</topic><topic>electron mobility</topic><topic>Electrons</topic><topic>Fingers - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>fluorescence</topic><topic>hole mobility</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>II‐VI semiconductors</topic><topic>image quality</topic><topic>Imaging detectors and sensors</topic><topic>Isotopes</topic><topic>Low‐field transport and mobility; piezoresistance</topic><topic>Mammography</topic><topic>Mammography - instrumentation</topic><topic>Mammography - methods</topic><topic>Models, Statistical</topic><topic>Modulation transfer functions</topic><topic>Monte Carlo Method</topic><topic>Monte Carlo methods</topic><topic>Phantoms, Imaging</topic><topic>photoconducting materials</topic><topic>Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects</topic><topic>Photoconductors</topic><topic>photodetectors</topic><topic>Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)</topic><topic>photodiodes</topic><topic>Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors</topic><topic>Photons</topic><topic>Radiation Dosage</topic><topic>Radiometry - instrumentation</topic><topic>Radiometry - methods</topic><topic>semiconductor device noise</topic><topic>Single crystals</topic><topic>Tellurium</topic><topic>X-Rays</topic><topic>X‐ray detection</topic><topic>x‐ray detectors</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>zinc compounds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mainprize, James G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ford, Nancy L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gordon, Eli E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamilton, William J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tümer, Tümay O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaffe, Martin J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mainprize, James G.</au><au>Ford, Nancy L.</au><au>Yin, Shi</au><au>Gordon, Eli E.</au><au>Hamilton, William J.</au><au>Tümer, Tümay O.</au><au>Yaffe, Martin J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A CdZnTe slot-scanned detector for digital mammography</atitle><jtitle>Medical physics (Lancaster)</jtitle><addtitle>Med Phys</addtitle><date>2002-12</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>2767</spage><epage>2781</epage><pages>2767-2781</pages><issn>0094-2405</issn><eissn>2473-4209</eissn><coden>MPHYA6</coden><abstract>A new high-resolution detector has been developed for use in a slot-scanned digital mammography system. The detector is a hybrid device that consists of a CCD operating in time-delay integration mode that is bonded to a 150-μm-thick CdZnTe photoconductor array. The CCD was designed with a detector element pitch of 50 μm. Two devices were evaluated with differing crystalline quality. Incomplete charge collection was a source of reduction in DQE. This occurs in both devices due to characteristically low mobility-lifetime products for CdZnTe, with the greatest losses demonstrated by the multicrystalline sample. The mobility-lifetime products for the multicrystalline device were found to be
2.4×10
−4
and
4.0×10
−7
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes, respectively. The device constructed with higher quality single crystal CdZnTe demonstrated mobility-lifetime products of
1.0×10
−4
and
4.4×10
−6
cm
2
/V
for electrons and holes. The MTF and DQE for the device were measured at several exposures and results were compared to predictions from a linear systems model of signal and noise propagation. The MTF at a spatial frequency of
10
mm
−1
exceeded 0.18 and 0.56 along the scan and slot directions, respectively. Scanning motion and CCD design limited the resolution along the scan direction. For an x-ray beam from a tungsten target tube with 40 μm molybdenum filtration operated at 26 kV, the single crystal device demonstrated a DQE(0) of
0.70±0.02
at
7.1×10
−6
C/kg (27 mR) exposure to the detector, despite its relatively poor charge collection efficiency.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Association of Physicists in Medicine</pub><pmid>12512710</pmid><doi>10.1118/1.1523932</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0094-2405 |
| ispartof | Medical physics (Lancaster), 2002-12, Vol.29 (12), p.2767-2781 |
| issn | 0094-2405 2473-4209 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmed_primary_12512710 |
| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library All Journals |
| subjects | biomedical electronics Cadmium cadmium compounds cadmium zinc telluride CCD image sensors charge collection efficiency Charge coupled devices charge exchange diagnostic radiography digital mammography DQE electron mobility Electrons Fingers - diagnostic imaging fluorescence hole mobility Humans II‐VI semiconductors image quality Imaging detectors and sensors Isotopes Low‐field transport and mobility piezoresistance Mammography Mammography - instrumentation Mammography - methods Models, Statistical Modulation transfer functions Monte Carlo Method Monte Carlo methods Phantoms, Imaging photoconducting materials Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects Photoconductors photodetectors Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors) photodiodes Photodiodes phototransistors photoresistors Photons Radiation Dosage Radiometry - instrumentation Radiometry - methods semiconductor device noise Single crystals Tellurium X-Rays X‐ray detection x‐ray detectors Zinc zinc compounds |
| title | A CdZnTe slot-scanned detector for digital mammography |
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