Multiple pathways of prostate carcinogenesis analyzed by using cultured cells isolated from rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and testosterone

Treatment of rats with N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) and testosterone results in a high incidence of metastasizing dorsolateral prostate tumors. In previous studies, a high frequency (≥70%) of a G35 → A transition mutation at the second position of codon 12 of the Ki‐ras oncogene was found in these tumors. This was confirmed in the study reported here, and the frequency of this mutation appeared similar in tumors induced in four different rat strains, regardless of differences in sensitivity among these strains to the induction of prostate cancers by MNU and testosterone: Wistar Furth (62% incidence of grossly visible prostate tumors) > Lobund Wistar (55%) > Fisher 344 (40%) > Copenhagen (37%). A method was developed to isolate and separately culture epithelial and stromal cells from these rat prostate carcinomas. Of 20 primary cell cultures established from histologically confirmed rat prostate carcinomas, 19 (95%) displayed one or more of the following characteristics: the Ki‐ras mutation (17 of 20; 85%), anchorage‐independent growth in soft agar at early passage (12 of 20; 60%), or tumorigenicity at later passage (eight of eight; 100%). One epithelial cell culture and all five stromal cell cultures established from prostate tumors had none of these characteristics. Epithelial cultures that had the Ki‐ras mutation and grew in soft agar constitute the predominant genotype/phenotype (55%), cultures with the mutation that did not grow in soft agar were less frequent (30%), 10% of the cultures had neither characteristic, and only one grew in soft agar but did not have the mutation. These findings suggest that there are at least two and perhaps more different molecular pathways of prostate carcinogenesis in rats treated with MNU plus testosterone. Furthermore, these data suggest that these pathways and the mechanisms determining strain differences in sensitivity to prostate cancer induction are unrelated. Mol. Carcinog. 25:179–186, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MNU, N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea; LO:WI, Lobund Wistar; W/F, Wistar Furth; F344, Fisher 344; COP, Copenhagen; HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution; FBS, fetal bovine serum; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.