Humic analog AQDS and AQS as an electron mediator can enhance chromate reduction by Bacillus sp. strain 3C3

Humus as an electron mediator is recognized as an effective strategy to improve the biological transformation and degradation of toxic substances, yet the action of humus in microbial detoxification of chromate is still unknown. In this study, a humus-reducing strain 3C 3 was isolated from mangrove sediment. Based on the analyses of morphology, physiobiochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequence, this strain was identified Bacillus sp. Strain 3C 3 can effectively reduce humic analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) with lactate, formate, or glucose as electron donors. When the cells were killed by incubation at 95°C for 30 min or an electron donor was absent, the humic reduction did not occur, showing that the humic reduction was a biochemical process. However, strain 3C 3 had low capability of chromate reduction under anaerobic conditions, despite of having strong tolerance of the toxic metal. But in the presence of humic substances AQDS or AQS, we found that chromate reduction by strain 3C 3 was enhanced greatly. Because strain 3C 3 is an effective humus-reducing bacterium, it is proposed that humic substances could serve as electron mediator to interact with chromate and accelerate chromate reduction. Our results suggest that chromate contaminations can be detoxified by adding humic analog (low to 0.1 mM) as an electron mediator in the microbial incubation.