Selective up-regulation of the soluble pattern-recognition receptor pentraxin 3 and of vascular endothelial growth factor in giant cell arteritis: Relevance for recent optic nerve ischemia

Objective To assess local expression and plasma levels of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). Methods Plasma and serum samples were obtained from 75 patients with GCA (20 of whom had experienced optic nerve ischemia in the previous 3 weeks and 24 of whom had experienced symptom onset in the previous 6 months and had no history of optic nerve ischemia) and 63 controls (35 age‐matched healthy subjects, 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 13 patients with chronic stable angina). In 9 patients in whom GCA was recently diagnosed, circulating levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12p70, CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1, CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP‐1α), CCL4/MIP‐1β, CCL11/eotaxin, CXCL9/monokine induced by interferon‐γ, CXCL10/interferon‐γ–inducible 10‐kd protein, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon‐γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, and FasL were measured via a multiplexed cytometric assay. PTX3 and VEGF concentrations were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. PTX3 and CD68 expression were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on temporal artery samples. Results GCA patients with very recent optic nerve ischemia had significantly higher PTX3 and VEGF levels compared to other GCA patients and controls. GCA patients with a disease duration of