Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters
Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2012-03, Vol.10 (1), p.31-42 |
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| creator | Amburgey, James E Walsh, Kimberly J Fielding, Roy R Arrowood, Michael J |
| description | Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4-99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2011.062 |
| format | Article |
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This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4-99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.062</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22361700</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Alkalinity ; Chlorine ; Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification ; Diatomaceous earth ; Disease outbreaks ; Drinking water ; Earth ; Equipment Design ; Filters ; Filtration - instrumentation ; Microspheres ; North Carolina ; Oocysts ; Outbreaks ; Pathogens ; Perlite ; Polystyrene ; Polystyrene resins ; Polystyrenes - chemistry ; Protozoa ; Public health ; Recreation ; Recreational facilities ; Recreational swimming ; Recreational waters ; Removal ; Research projects ; Sand ; Silicon Dioxide ; Sweat ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; United States ; Urine ; Water hardness ; Water Microbiology ; Water purification ; Water Purification - instrumentation ; Waterborne diseases</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2012-03, Vol.10 (1), p.31-42</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Mar 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-f23d02e10a621b8ddfdd82dc0e45a366a25b126a6c5c1fa952f4e279e28017a23</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361700$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Amburgey, James E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walsh, Kimberly J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fielding, Roy R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arrowood, Michael J</creatorcontrib><title>Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>Cryptosporidium has caused the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in treated recreational water venues in the USA for many years running. This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4-99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.</description><subject>Alkalinity</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Diatomaceous earth</subject><subject>Disease outbreaks</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Earth</subject><subject>Equipment Design</subject><subject>Filters</subject><subject>Filtration - instrumentation</subject><subject>Microspheres</subject><subject>North Carolina</subject><subject>Oocysts</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Perlite</subject><subject>Polystyrene</subject><subject>Polystyrene resins</subject><subject>Polystyrenes - chemistry</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Recreation</subject><subject>Recreational facilities</subject><subject>Recreational swimming</subject><subject>Recreational waters</subject><subject>Removal</subject><subject>Research projects</subject><subject>Sand</subject><subject>Silicon Dioxide</subject><subject>Sweat</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Swimming Pools</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Water hardness</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water purification</subject><subject>Water Purification - instrumentation</subject><subject>Waterborne diseases</subject><issn>1477-8920</issn><issn>1996-7829</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc-L1DAUgIMo7rp68i4BDwpux-SlTZOjDP6ChYVlPZdM87KTpWlq0lrGv34zzOrBg6c8yJcPXj5CXnO2AS7lx3W_Acb5hkl4Qs651rJqFeinZa7btlIa2Bl5kfM9YyChgefkDEBI3jJ2Tn7fYIi_zECjo9t0mOaYp5i89UugZrR0isMhz4eEI9Lg-1Su95gwU5dioHn1IfjxrmBxoKuZMdHVz3uay9tL2ps0F9cdXp5cCftoZur8UMD8kjxzZsj46vG8ID--fL7dfquurr9-3366qnqh5Fw5EJYBcmYk8J2y1lmrwPYM68YIKQ00Ow7SyL7puTO6AVcjtBpBMd4aEBfk3ck7pfhzwTx3weceh8GMGJfcaRBNK5TghXz_X5IzYKqGVuiCvv0HvY9LGsseHde1YKokaAr14UQdPy4ndN2UfDDpUFTdMV637rtjvK7EK_SbR-eyC2j_sn9qiQdIr5YE</recordid><startdate>201203</startdate><enddate>201203</enddate><creator>Amburgey, James E</creator><creator>Walsh, Kimberly J</creator><creator>Fielding, Roy R</creator><creator>Arrowood, Michael J</creator><general>IWA Publishing</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201203</creationdate><title>Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters</title><author>Amburgey, James E ; Walsh, Kimberly J ; Fielding, Roy R ; Arrowood, Michael J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c386t-f23d02e10a621b8ddfdd82dc0e45a366a25b126a6c5c1fa952f4e279e28017a23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Alkalinity</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - 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This research project evaluated some common US swimming pool filters for removing Cryptosporidium oocysts, 5-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres, and 1-µm diameter polystyrene microspheres. A 946 L hot tub with interchangeable sand, cartridge, and precoat filters was used at room temperature for this research. Simulated pool water for each experiment was created from Charlotte, NC (USA) tap water supplemented with alkalinity, hardness, chlorine, and a mixture of artificial sweat and urine. Precoat (i.e., diatomaceous earth and perlite) filters demonstrated pathogen removal efficiencies of 2.3 to 4.4 log (or 99.4-99.996%). However, sand and cartridge filters had average Cryptosporidium removals of 0.19 log (36%) or less. The combined low filter removal efficiencies of sand and cartridge filters along with the chlorine-resistant properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts could indicate a regulatory gap warranting further attention and having significant implications on the protection of public health in recreational water facilities. The 5-µm microspheres were a good surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts in this study and hold promise for use in future research projects, field trials, and/or product testing on swimming pool filters.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>22361700</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2011.062</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1477-8920 |
| ispartof | Journal of water and health, 2012-03, Vol.10 (1), p.31-42 |
| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Alkalinity Chlorine Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification Diatomaceous earth Disease outbreaks Drinking water Earth Equipment Design Filters Filtration - instrumentation Microspheres North Carolina Oocysts Outbreaks Pathogens Perlite Polystyrene Polystyrene resins Polystyrenes - chemistry Protozoa Public health Recreation Recreational facilities Recreational swimming Recreational waters Removal Research projects Sand Silicon Dioxide Sweat Swimming Swimming Pools United States Urine Water hardness Water Microbiology Water purification Water Purification - instrumentation Waterborne diseases |
| title | Removal of Cryptosporidium and polystyrene microspheres from swimming pool water with sand, cartridge, and precoat filters |
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