Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India
Precipitation chemistry studies were conducted at Kothi (32.31°N, 77.20°E), a rural Indian location, in the North Western Himalayas during June to October of 2006 and 2007. The volume weighted mean pH values ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean of 5.68±0.26 indicating mostly alkaline precipitation e...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Atmospheric research 2012-02, Vol.104-105, p.128-138 |
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| creator | Tiwari, S. Chate, D.M. Bisht, D.S. Srivastava, M.K. Padmanabhamurty, B. |
| description | Precipitation chemistry studies were conducted at Kothi (32.31°N, 77.20°E), a rural Indian location, in the North Western Himalayas during June to October of 2006 and 2007. The volume weighted mean pH values ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean of 5.68±0.26 indicating mostly alkaline precipitation events. However, 18% samples were found acidic due to dominance of acidic components. The alkaline to acidic ions ratio (1.05) confirms that acidic components are neutralized by alkali radicals in rainwater. Of the total ionic composition 159μeq/l, in rainwater samples, dominant were Ca2+ (19%) followed by Na+ (14%). Among the anions, Cl− (17%) was slightly higher than SO42− (16%) and NO3− (11%). The ratio (NO3−+Cl−)/SO42−) 1.05 indicates acidity in rainwater by the cumulative effects of HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl. The ratios NH4+/NO3− as 0.76 and NH4+/SO42− as 0.50 show the pre-dominance of atmospheric NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Significant correlation between Na+ and Cl− (r=0.97; p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.006 |
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► We characterize and assess the major ions in rainwater samples collected during June to October in 2006 and in 2007 at Kothi, in the Western Himalayas, India and identify the possible sources. ► The volume weighted rainwater pH ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean 5.68±0.26. ► Ca2+ (19%) and Na+ (14%) found dominant among cations and Cl– (17%), SO42– (16%) and NO3– (12%) were major among anions. ► Enrichment factors indicate that Ca2+, SO42− and K+ were originated from non-marine sources.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0169-8095</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2895</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.006</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Atmospherics ; Dominance ; Enrichment factor ; Himalayas ; In-cloud scavenging ; Indian ; Ionic-balance ; Mathematical analysis ; Neutralization factor ; Neutralizing ; Precipitation ; Transportation</subject><ispartof>Atmospheric research, 2012-02, Vol.104-105, p.128-138</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-6530ac447963c05091835d9a1965a7f6c7457dd44103b08d65e6bef98301ec8e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-6530ac447963c05091835d9a1965a7f6c7457dd44103b08d65e6bef98301ec8e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809511002912$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tiwari, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chate, D.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bisht, D.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srivastava, M.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Padmanabhamurty, B.</creatorcontrib><title>Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India</title><title>Atmospheric research</title><description>Precipitation chemistry studies were conducted at Kothi (32.31°N, 77.20°E), a rural Indian location, in the North Western Himalayas during June to October of 2006 and 2007. The volume weighted mean pH values ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean of 5.68±0.26 indicating mostly alkaline precipitation events. However, 18% samples were found acidic due to dominance of acidic components. The alkaline to acidic ions ratio (1.05) confirms that acidic components are neutralized by alkali radicals in rainwater. Of the total ionic composition 159μeq/l, in rainwater samples, dominant were Ca2+ (19%) followed by Na+ (14%). Among the anions, Cl− (17%) was slightly higher than SO42− (16%) and NO3− (11%). The ratio (NO3−+Cl−)/SO42−) 1.05 indicates acidity in rainwater by the cumulative effects of HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl. The ratios NH4+/NO3− as 0.76 and NH4+/SO42− as 0.50 show the pre-dominance of atmospheric NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Significant correlation between Na+ and Cl− (r=0.97; p<0.0001) and between SO42− and NO3− (r=0.60; p<0.0001) indicates their origin from similar sources. Neutralization factor calculations show that Ca2+ plays a major role in the neutralizing processes. Enrichment factors indicate that Ca2+, SO42− K+ and Mg2+ were originated from non-marine sources. The principle component analysis indicates the influence of transportation of air-born primary and secondary particles on the chemical composition of rainwater.
► We characterize and assess the major ions in rainwater samples collected during June to October in 2006 and in 2007 at Kothi, in the Western Himalayas, India and identify the possible sources. ► The volume weighted rainwater pH ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean 5.68±0.26. ► Ca2+ (19%) and Na+ (14%) found dominant among cations and Cl– (17%), SO42– (16%) and NO3– (12%) were major among anions. ► Enrichment factors indicate that Ca2+, SO42− and K+ were originated from non-marine sources.</description><subject>Atmospherics</subject><subject>Dominance</subject><subject>Enrichment factor</subject><subject>Himalayas</subject><subject>In-cloud scavenging</subject><subject>Indian</subject><subject>Ionic-balance</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Neutralization factor</subject><subject>Neutralizing</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Transportation</subject><issn>0169-8095</issn><issn>1873-2895</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkUtLAzEQgIMoWB9_QfamB3edbDbJzq1SfEFREMVjSLNTm9LuarIq_femVK_W0wzMNw_mY-yEQ8GBq4t5YftlFwPFogTOC8ACQO2wAa-1yMsa5S4bJBDzGlDus4MY5wAgocIBGz5a337ZnkLmZrT0sQ-rzLdZP6Psvgv9LHuhmKptduuXdmFXts0e6dV37Xl21zbeHrG9qV1EOv6Jh-z5-uppdJuPH27uRpfj3FWV6HMlBdiUalTCpd3IayEbtByVtHqqnK6kbpqq4iAmUDdKkprQFGsBnFxN4pCdbua-he79I91k0rGOFgvbUvcRDZagsdRKJPLsT5IjR1RK6nI7qjQXGgT-B600JFiqhKoN6kIXk5epeQvpeWFlOJi1MjM3v8rMWpkBNElZahxuGik98tNTMNF5ah01PpDrTdP5bSO-Af83oEw</recordid><startdate>20120201</startdate><enddate>20120201</enddate><creator>Tiwari, S.</creator><creator>Chate, D.M.</creator><creator>Bisht, D.S.</creator><creator>Srivastava, M.K.</creator><creator>Padmanabhamurty, B.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>KL.</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120201</creationdate><title>Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India</title><author>Tiwari, S. ; Chate, D.M. ; Bisht, D.S. ; Srivastava, M.K. ; Padmanabhamurty, B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-6530ac447963c05091835d9a1965a7f6c7457dd44103b08d65e6bef98301ec8e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Atmospherics</topic><topic>Dominance</topic><topic>Enrichment factor</topic><topic>Himalayas</topic><topic>In-cloud scavenging</topic><topic>Indian</topic><topic>Ionic-balance</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Neutralization factor</topic><topic>Neutralizing</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Transportation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tiwari, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chate, D.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bisht, D.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Srivastava, M.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Padmanabhamurty, B.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><jtitle>Atmospheric research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tiwari, S.</au><au>Chate, D.M.</au><au>Bisht, D.S.</au><au>Srivastava, M.K.</au><au>Padmanabhamurty, B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India</atitle><jtitle>Atmospheric research</jtitle><date>2012-02-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>104-105</volume><spage>128</spage><epage>138</epage><pages>128-138</pages><issn>0169-8095</issn><eissn>1873-2895</eissn><abstract>Precipitation chemistry studies were conducted at Kothi (32.31°N, 77.20°E), a rural Indian location, in the North Western Himalayas during June to October of 2006 and 2007. The volume weighted mean pH values ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean of 5.68±0.26 indicating mostly alkaline precipitation events. However, 18% samples were found acidic due to dominance of acidic components. The alkaline to acidic ions ratio (1.05) confirms that acidic components are neutralized by alkali radicals in rainwater. Of the total ionic composition 159μeq/l, in rainwater samples, dominant were Ca2+ (19%) followed by Na+ (14%). Among the anions, Cl− (17%) was slightly higher than SO42− (16%) and NO3− (11%). The ratio (NO3−+Cl−)/SO42−) 1.05 indicates acidity in rainwater by the cumulative effects of HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl. The ratios NH4+/NO3− as 0.76 and NH4+/SO42− as 0.50 show the pre-dominance of atmospheric NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Significant correlation between Na+ and Cl− (r=0.97; p<0.0001) and between SO42− and NO3− (r=0.60; p<0.0001) indicates their origin from similar sources. Neutralization factor calculations show that Ca2+ plays a major role in the neutralizing processes. Enrichment factors indicate that Ca2+, SO42− K+ and Mg2+ were originated from non-marine sources. The principle component analysis indicates the influence of transportation of air-born primary and secondary particles on the chemical composition of rainwater.
► We characterize and assess the major ions in rainwater samples collected during June to October in 2006 and in 2007 at Kothi, in the Western Himalayas, India and identify the possible sources. ► The volume weighted rainwater pH ranged from 5.16 to 6.36 with a mean 5.68±0.26. ► Ca2+ (19%) and Na+ (14%) found dominant among cations and Cl– (17%), SO42– (16%) and NO3– (12%) were major among anions. ► Enrichment factors indicate that Ca2+, SO42− and K+ were originated from non-marine sources.</abstract><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.006</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Atmospherics Dominance Enrichment factor Himalayas In-cloud scavenging Indian Ionic-balance Mathematical analysis Neutralization factor Neutralizing Precipitation Transportation |
| title | Rainwater chemistry in the North Western Himalayan Region, India |
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