Amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoids use among truck drivers on the roads in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Abstract Drugs are important risk factors for traffic accidents. In Brazil, truck drivers report using amphetamines to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake. These drugs can be obtained without prescription easily on Brazilian roads. The use of these stimulants can result in health p...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Forensic science international 2012-02, Vol.215 (1), p.25-27 |
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| creator | Leyton, V Sinagawa, D.M Oliveira, K.C.B.G Schmitz, W Andreuccetti, G De Martinis, B.S Yonamine, M Munoz, D.R |
| description | Abstract Drugs are important risk factors for traffic accidents. In Brazil, truck drivers report using amphetamines to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake. These drugs can be obtained without prescription easily on Brazilian roads. The use of these stimulants can result in health problems and can be associated with traffic accidents. There are Brazilian studies that show that drivers use drugs. However, these studies are questionnaire-based and do not always reflect real-life situations. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of drug use by truck drivers on the roads of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 2009. Drivers of large trucks were randomly stopped by police officers on the interstate roads during morning hours. After being informed of the goals of the study, the drivers gave written informed consent before providing a urine sample. In addition, a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic characteristics and health information was administered. Urine samples were screened for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids by immunoassay and the confirmation was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Of the 488 drivers stopped, 456 (93.4%) provided urine samples, and 9.3% of them ( n = 42) tested positive for drugs. Amphetamines were the most commonly found ( n = 26) drug, representing 61.9% of the positive samples. Ten cases tested positive for cocaine (23.8%), and five for cannabinoids (11.9%). All drivers were male with a mean age of 40 ± 10.8 years, and 29.3% of them reported some health problem (diabetes, high blood pressure and/or stress). A high incidence of truck drivers who tested positive for drug use was found, among other reported health problems. Thus, there is an evident need to promote a healthier lifestyle among professional drivers and a need for preventive measures aimed at controlling the use of drugs by truck drivers in Brazil. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.032 |
| format | Article |
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In Brazil, truck drivers report using amphetamines to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake. These drugs can be obtained without prescription easily on Brazilian roads. The use of these stimulants can result in health problems and can be associated with traffic accidents. There are Brazilian studies that show that drivers use drugs. However, these studies are questionnaire-based and do not always reflect real-life situations. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of drug use by truck drivers on the roads of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 2009. Drivers of large trucks were randomly stopped by police officers on the interstate roads during morning hours. After being informed of the goals of the study, the drivers gave written informed consent before providing a urine sample. In addition, a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic characteristics and health information was administered. Urine samples were screened for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids by immunoassay and the confirmation was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Of the 488 drivers stopped, 456 (93.4%) provided urine samples, and 9.3% of them ( n = 42) tested positive for drugs. Amphetamines were the most commonly found ( n = 26) drug, representing 61.9% of the positive samples. Ten cases tested positive for cocaine (23.8%), and five for cannabinoids (11.9%). All drivers were male with a mean age of 40 ± 10.8 years, and 29.3% of them reported some health problem (diabetes, high blood pressure and/or stress). A high incidence of truck drivers who tested positive for drug use was found, among other reported health problems. Thus, there is an evident need to promote a healthier lifestyle among professional drivers and a need for preventive measures aimed at controlling the use of drugs by truck drivers in Brazil.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0379-0738</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-6283</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.032</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21511416</identifier><identifier>CODEN: FSINDR</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Amphetamines ; Amphetamines - urine ; Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence ; Biological and medical sciences ; Brazil ; Brazil - epidemiology ; Cannabinoids ; Cannabinoids - urine ; Cocaine ; Cocaine - urine ; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology ; Drivers ; Drug use ; Drugs ; Fatalities ; Forensic medicine ; Forensic sciences ; Forensic Toxicology ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; General aspects ; Health ; Humans ; Hypertension - epidemiology ; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects) ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Motor Vehicles ; Narcotics - urine ; Pathology ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Questionnaires ; Risk factors ; Roads ; Stress, Psychological - epidemiology ; Substance Abuse Detection ; Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Traffic accidents & safety ; Truck drivers ; Trucking industry ; Trucks ; Urinalysis ; Urine ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Forensic science international, 2012-02, Vol.215 (1), p.25-27</ispartof><rights>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Feb 10, 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-18315a713a2f00d8ea60166236bb437b3ac4900f691eec2fa4276151473999663</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-18315a713a2f00d8ea60166236bb437b3ac4900f691eec2fa4276151473999663</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073811001629$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>309,310,314,776,780,785,786,3537,23909,23910,25118,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25579060$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511416$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Leyton, V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sinagawa, D.M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oliveira, K.C.B.G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmitz, W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andreuccetti, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Martinis, B.S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yonamine, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Munoz, D.R</creatorcontrib><title>Amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoids use among truck drivers on the roads in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil</title><title>Forensic science international</title><addtitle>Forensic Sci Int</addtitle><description>Abstract Drugs are important risk factors for traffic accidents. In Brazil, truck drivers report using amphetamines to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake. These drugs can be obtained without prescription easily on Brazilian roads. The use of these stimulants can result in health problems and can be associated with traffic accidents. There are Brazilian studies that show that drivers use drugs. However, these studies are questionnaire-based and do not always reflect real-life situations. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of drug use by truck drivers on the roads of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 2009. Drivers of large trucks were randomly stopped by police officers on the interstate roads during morning hours. After being informed of the goals of the study, the drivers gave written informed consent before providing a urine sample. In addition, a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic characteristics and health information was administered. Urine samples were screened for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids by immunoassay and the confirmation was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Of the 488 drivers stopped, 456 (93.4%) provided urine samples, and 9.3% of them ( n = 42) tested positive for drugs. Amphetamines were the most commonly found ( n = 26) drug, representing 61.9% of the positive samples. Ten cases tested positive for cocaine (23.8%), and five for cannabinoids (11.9%). All drivers were male with a mean age of 40 ± 10.8 years, and 29.3% of them reported some health problem (diabetes, high blood pressure and/or stress). A high incidence of truck drivers who tested positive for drug use was found, among other reported health problems. Thus, there is an evident need to promote a healthier lifestyle among professional drivers and a need for preventive measures aimed at controlling the use of drugs by truck drivers in Brazil.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Amphetamines</subject><subject>Amphetamines - urine</subject><subject>Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Brazil</subject><subject>Brazil - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cannabinoids</subject><subject>Cannabinoids - urine</subject><subject>Cocaine</subject><subject>Cocaine - urine</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology</subject><subject>Drivers</subject><subject>Drug use</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Forensic medicine</subject><subject>Forensic sciences</subject><subject>Forensic Toxicology</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>General aspects</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension - epidemiology</subject><subject>Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects)</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Motor Vehicles</subject><subject>Narcotics - urine</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Public health. 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Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Roads</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - epidemiology</subject><subject>Substance Abuse Detection</subject><subject>Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Traffic accidents & safety</subject><subject>Truck drivers</subject><subject>Trucking industry</subject><subject>Trucks</subject><subject>Urinalysis</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0379-0738</issn><issn>1872-6283</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkm2L1DAQx4Mo3rr6FTQooi9u10nSps0bYT18ggOF1dchTVMve22yJu3B-emdsusdHCjCQB74zX_mnwkhzxisGTD5ZrfuYsrW-zCuOTC2BoHB75EFqyu-krwW98kCRKVWUIn6hDzKeQcAZcnlQ3LCWclYweSC9Jthf-FGM_jgTqmN1uCGmtBSa0IwjQ_Rt5lOGS-HGH7QMU32krbJX7mUaQx0vHA0RYOQPxy2oxkdjR3dmki_mqmPp_RdMr98_5g86Eyf3ZPjuiTfP7z_dvZpdf7l4-ezzfnKloUYV6wWrDQVE4Z3AG3tjETPkgvZNIWoGmFsoQA6qZhzlnem4JVER0UllFJSiiV5ddDdp_hzcnnUg8_W9b0JLk5ZKw5cMOAMydf_JPGxleRcYF9L8vwOuotTCuhj1sPCNSiEXvwNYiCKuhZoAKnqQNkUc06u0_vkB5OuEZpLSr3TN_PV83w1CAyOmU-P-lMzuPYm789AEXh5BEy2pu-SCdbnW64sKwUSkNscOIdzuPIuaazmgnWtT86Ouo3-P5p5e0fD9j54LHvprl2-da4z16C383ecfyNjgLJcid-uNdjj</recordid><startdate>20120210</startdate><enddate>20120210</enddate><creator>Leyton, V</creator><creator>Sinagawa, D.M</creator><creator>Oliveira, K.C.B.G</creator><creator>Schmitz, W</creator><creator>Andreuccetti, G</creator><creator>De Martinis, B.S</creator><creator>Yonamine, M</creator><creator>Munoz, D.R</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><general>Elsevier Sequoia S.A</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120210</creationdate><title>Amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoids use among truck drivers on the roads in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil</title><author>Leyton, V ; Sinagawa, D.M ; Oliveira, K.C.B.G ; Schmitz, W ; Andreuccetti, G ; De Martinis, B.S ; Yonamine, M ; Munoz, D.R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c543t-18315a713a2f00d8ea60166236bb437b3ac4900f691eec2fa4276151473999663</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Amphetamines</topic><topic>Amphetamines - urine</topic><topic>Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Brazil</topic><topic>Brazil - epidemiology</topic><topic>Cannabinoids</topic><topic>Cannabinoids - urine</topic><topic>Cocaine</topic><topic>Cocaine - urine</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology</topic><topic>Drivers</topic><topic>Drug use</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Forensic medicine</topic><topic>Forensic sciences</topic><topic>Forensic Toxicology</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>General aspects</topic><topic>Health</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertension - epidemiology</topic><topic>Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects)</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Motor Vehicles</topic><topic>Narcotics - urine</topic><topic>Pathology</topic><topic>Public health. 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In Brazil, truck drivers report using amphetamines to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake. These drugs can be obtained without prescription easily on Brazilian roads. The use of these stimulants can result in health problems and can be associated with traffic accidents. There are Brazilian studies that show that drivers use drugs. However, these studies are questionnaire-based and do not always reflect real-life situations. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence of drug use by truck drivers on the roads of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 2009. Drivers of large trucks were randomly stopped by police officers on the interstate roads during morning hours. After being informed of the goals of the study, the drivers gave written informed consent before providing a urine sample. In addition, a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic characteristics and health information was administered. Urine samples were screened for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids by immunoassay and the confirmation was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Of the 488 drivers stopped, 456 (93.4%) provided urine samples, and 9.3% of them ( n = 42) tested positive for drugs. Amphetamines were the most commonly found ( n = 26) drug, representing 61.9% of the positive samples. Ten cases tested positive for cocaine (23.8%), and five for cannabinoids (11.9%). All drivers were male with a mean age of 40 ± 10.8 years, and 29.3% of them reported some health problem (diabetes, high blood pressure and/or stress). A high incidence of truck drivers who tested positive for drug use was found, among other reported health problems. Thus, there is an evident need to promote a healthier lifestyle among professional drivers and a need for preventive measures aimed at controlling the use of drugs by truck drivers in Brazil.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>21511416</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.032</doi><tpages>3</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Adult Amphetamines Amphetamines - urine Automobile Driving - legislation & jurisprudence Biological and medical sciences Brazil Brazil - epidemiology Cannabinoids Cannabinoids - urine Cocaine Cocaine - urine Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology Drivers Drug use Drugs Fatalities Forensic medicine Forensic sciences Forensic Toxicology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry General aspects Health Humans Hypertension - epidemiology Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects) Male Medical sciences Motor Vehicles Narcotics - urine Pathology Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Questionnaires Risk factors Roads Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Substance Abuse Detection Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology Traffic accidents & safety Truck drivers Trucking industry Trucks Urinalysis Urine Young Adult |
| title | Amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoids use among truck drivers on the roads in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil |
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