Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and PM2.5 samples simultaneously collected at a coastal site (40.4°N; 18.1°E) in the central Mediterranean are analyzed to investigate the relative role of ions (Cl −, NO 3 − , SO 4 2 − , Na +, NH 4 + , K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+) and carbonaceous species in the fine (PM2.5)...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Atmospheric environment (1994) 2011-12, Vol.45 (39), p.7470-7477 |
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| creator | Perrone, M.R. Piazzalunga, A. Prato, M. Carofalo, I. |
| description | Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and PM2.5 samples simultaneously collected at a coastal site (40.4°N; 18.1°E) in the central Mediterranean are analyzed to investigate the relative role of ions (Cl
−,
NO
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
, Na
+,
NH
4
+
, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+) and carbonaceous species in the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (TSP–PM2.5) sampled mass. A methodology is described to determine carbonate carbon (CC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) levels from Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) measurements since carbonate particles may significantly contribute to the Mediterranean particulate. We have found that CC levels vary up to 1.7 μg m
−3 and 0.8 μg m
−3 in the coarse and fine fraction, respectively. OC and EC levels vary up to 3.0 μg m
−3 and 1.5 μg m
−3, respectively in the coarse fraction, and vary within the 2.2–10 μg m
−3 and 0.5–5 μg m
−3 range, respectively in the fine fraction. Hence, OC levels may be overestimated mainly in the coarse fraction, if the CC contribution is not accounted for.
CO
3
2
−
levels (calculated from CC concentrations) account on average for 6% and 10% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively and allow balancing the anion deficit resulting from the ionic balance of ions detected by ion chromatography (IC). Total carbon TC = (OC + EC) accounts on average for 29% and 6% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. IC ions account for 38% and 17% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. OC, EC,
SO
4
2
−
,
NH
4
+
, and K
+ are the major components in the fine fraction, accounting on average for 84% of the analyzed PM2.5 mass. Marine- and crust-originated ions (Cl
−, Mg
2+, Na
+, Ca
2+,
CO
3
2
−
) and
NO
3
−
are mainly in the coarse fraction and represent on average 83% of the analyzed coarse mass.
► Methodology to monitor carbonate carbon by the Thermal Optical Transmittance technique. ► Elemental, organic, and carbonate carbon in fine and coarse particulate matter. ► Characterization of ions and carbonaceous species in the central Mediterranean PM. ► Role of
CO
3
2
−
to balance the anion deficit in the TSP and PM2.5 samples. ► Ammonium loss in coarse particulate. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.030 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_911154387</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S1352231011004080</els_id><sourcerecordid>911154387</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-576652190fbe8ab8e2d5a405eb356b3dcffdf8b607a7fd41b12e181292f8224b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkUFv1DAQhSMEEmXhL4AvCC4JM44TO5yoVrQgFXGAni3HGYNXWTvY2UqIP4-jLRzhZGv0vZmn96rqOUKDgP2bQ2PWY8wU7hoOiA2IBlp4UF2gkm3NlRAPy7_teM1bhMfVk5wPANDKQV5Uv_bxuMTsVx8Di445H4iZMDEbTcrEFpNWb2fKzAdmtmlezcyKgDZ8_U7MUlhTmX2iqUxTMoFMeMv2Jo0xGEvxlFleyPqyxMbC-vG0nctPq0fOzJme3b-76vbq_df9h_rm8_XH_eVNbUWLa93Jvu84DuBGUmZUxKfOCOhobLt-bCfr3OTU2IM00k0CR-SECvnAneJcjO2uenXeu6T440R51UefLc1zcVrM6QERO9GWtHbV63-SKKVECUKpgvZn1KaYcyKnl-SPJv3UCHrrRR_0n1701osGoUsvRfjy_obJ1syu5GV9_qvmQooeBizcizPnTNTmWyrM7ZeyqAPAQUG3uX13JqiEd-cp6VxCDrb0kMiueor-f2Z-A-w1sjA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1777170488</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions</title><source>Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier)</source><creator>Perrone, M.R. ; Piazzalunga, A. ; Prato, M. ; Carofalo, I.</creator><creatorcontrib>Perrone, M.R. ; Piazzalunga, A. ; Prato, M. ; Carofalo, I.</creatorcontrib><description>Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and PM2.5 samples simultaneously collected at a coastal site (40.4°N; 18.1°E) in the central Mediterranean are analyzed to investigate the relative role of ions (Cl
−,
NO
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
, Na
+,
NH
4
+
, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+) and carbonaceous species in the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (TSP–PM2.5) sampled mass. A methodology is described to determine carbonate carbon (CC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) levels from Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) measurements since carbonate particles may significantly contribute to the Mediterranean particulate. We have found that CC levels vary up to 1.7 μg m
−3 and 0.8 μg m
−3 in the coarse and fine fraction, respectively. OC and EC levels vary up to 3.0 μg m
−3 and 1.5 μg m
−3, respectively in the coarse fraction, and vary within the 2.2–10 μg m
−3 and 0.5–5 μg m
−3 range, respectively in the fine fraction. Hence, OC levels may be overestimated mainly in the coarse fraction, if the CC contribution is not accounted for.
CO
3
2
−
levels (calculated from CC concentrations) account on average for 6% and 10% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively and allow balancing the anion deficit resulting from the ionic balance of ions detected by ion chromatography (IC). Total carbon TC = (OC + EC) accounts on average for 29% and 6% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. IC ions account for 38% and 17% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. OC, EC,
SO
4
2
−
,
NH
4
+
, and K
+ are the major components in the fine fraction, accounting on average for 84% of the analyzed PM2.5 mass. Marine- and crust-originated ions (Cl
−, Mg
2+, Na
+, Ca
2+,
CO
3
2
−
) and
NO
3
−
are mainly in the coarse fraction and represent on average 83% of the analyzed coarse mass.
► Methodology to monitor carbonate carbon by the Thermal Optical Transmittance technique. ► Elemental, organic, and carbonate carbon in fine and coarse particulate matter. ► Characterization of ions and carbonaceous species in the central Mediterranean PM. ► Role of
CO
3
2
−
to balance the anion deficit in the TSP and PM2.5 samples. ► Ammonium loss in coarse particulate.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1352-2310</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2844</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.030</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Accounting ; ammonium compounds ; Applied sciences ; atmospheric chemistry ; Atmospheric pollution ; calcium ; Carbon ; Carbonate carbon ; Carbonates ; chlorides ; Chromatography ; Coastal ; Elemental carbon ; Exact sciences and technology ; Integrated circuits ; ion exchange chromatography ; ions ; magnesium ; Mathematical analysis ; Mediterranean particulate composition ; nitrates ; Opacity ; Organic carbon ; PM2.5 ; Pollution ; potassium ; sodium ; Total suspended particulate ; transmittance</subject><ispartof>Atmospheric environment (1994), 2011-12, Vol.45 (39), p.7470-7477</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-576652190fbe8ab8e2d5a405eb356b3dcffdf8b607a7fd41b12e181292f8224b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-576652190fbe8ab8e2d5a405eb356b3dcffdf8b607a7fd41b12e181292f8224b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.030$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24746091$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Perrone, M.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piazzalunga, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prato, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carofalo, I.</creatorcontrib><title>Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions</title><title>Atmospheric environment (1994)</title><description>Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and PM2.5 samples simultaneously collected at a coastal site (40.4°N; 18.1°E) in the central Mediterranean are analyzed to investigate the relative role of ions (Cl
−,
NO
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
, Na
+,
NH
4
+
, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+) and carbonaceous species in the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (TSP–PM2.5) sampled mass. A methodology is described to determine carbonate carbon (CC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) levels from Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) measurements since carbonate particles may significantly contribute to the Mediterranean particulate. We have found that CC levels vary up to 1.7 μg m
−3 and 0.8 μg m
−3 in the coarse and fine fraction, respectively. OC and EC levels vary up to 3.0 μg m
−3 and 1.5 μg m
−3, respectively in the coarse fraction, and vary within the 2.2–10 μg m
−3 and 0.5–5 μg m
−3 range, respectively in the fine fraction. Hence, OC levels may be overestimated mainly in the coarse fraction, if the CC contribution is not accounted for.
CO
3
2
−
levels (calculated from CC concentrations) account on average for 6% and 10% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively and allow balancing the anion deficit resulting from the ionic balance of ions detected by ion chromatography (IC). Total carbon TC = (OC + EC) accounts on average for 29% and 6% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. IC ions account for 38% and 17% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. OC, EC,
SO
4
2
−
,
NH
4
+
, and K
+ are the major components in the fine fraction, accounting on average for 84% of the analyzed PM2.5 mass. Marine- and crust-originated ions (Cl
−, Mg
2+, Na
+, Ca
2+,
CO
3
2
−
) and
NO
3
−
are mainly in the coarse fraction and represent on average 83% of the analyzed coarse mass.
► Methodology to monitor carbonate carbon by the Thermal Optical Transmittance technique. ► Elemental, organic, and carbonate carbon in fine and coarse particulate matter. ► Characterization of ions and carbonaceous species in the central Mediterranean PM. ► Role of
CO
3
2
−
to balance the anion deficit in the TSP and PM2.5 samples. ► Ammonium loss in coarse particulate.</description><subject>Accounting</subject><subject>ammonium compounds</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>atmospheric chemistry</subject><subject>Atmospheric pollution</subject><subject>calcium</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbonate carbon</subject><subject>Carbonates</subject><subject>chlorides</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Coastal</subject><subject>Elemental carbon</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Integrated circuits</subject><subject>ion exchange chromatography</subject><subject>ions</subject><subject>magnesium</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Mediterranean particulate composition</subject><subject>nitrates</subject><subject>Opacity</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>PM2.5</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>potassium</subject><subject>sodium</subject><subject>Total suspended particulate</subject><subject>transmittance</subject><issn>1352-2310</issn><issn>1873-2844</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkUFv1DAQhSMEEmXhL4AvCC4JM44TO5yoVrQgFXGAni3HGYNXWTvY2UqIP4-jLRzhZGv0vZmn96rqOUKDgP2bQ2PWY8wU7hoOiA2IBlp4UF2gkm3NlRAPy7_teM1bhMfVk5wPANDKQV5Uv_bxuMTsVx8Di445H4iZMDEbTcrEFpNWb2fKzAdmtmlezcyKgDZ8_U7MUlhTmX2iqUxTMoFMeMv2Jo0xGEvxlFleyPqyxMbC-vG0nctPq0fOzJme3b-76vbq_df9h_rm8_XH_eVNbUWLa93Jvu84DuBGUmZUxKfOCOhobLt-bCfr3OTU2IM00k0CR-SECvnAneJcjO2uenXeu6T440R51UefLc1zcVrM6QERO9GWtHbV63-SKKVECUKpgvZn1KaYcyKnl-SPJv3UCHrrRR_0n1701osGoUsvRfjy_obJ1syu5GV9_qvmQooeBizcizPnTNTmWyrM7ZeyqAPAQUG3uX13JqiEd-cp6VxCDrb0kMiueor-f2Z-A-w1sjA</recordid><startdate>20111201</startdate><enddate>20111201</enddate><creator>Perrone, M.R.</creator><creator>Piazzalunga, A.</creator><creator>Prato, M.</creator><creator>Carofalo, I.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SU</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20111201</creationdate><title>Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions</title><author>Perrone, M.R. ; Piazzalunga, A. ; Prato, M. ; Carofalo, I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c431t-576652190fbe8ab8e2d5a405eb356b3dcffdf8b607a7fd41b12e181292f8224b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Accounting</topic><topic>ammonium compounds</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>atmospheric chemistry</topic><topic>Atmospheric pollution</topic><topic>calcium</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbonate carbon</topic><topic>Carbonates</topic><topic>chlorides</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Coastal</topic><topic>Elemental carbon</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Integrated circuits</topic><topic>ion exchange chromatography</topic><topic>ions</topic><topic>magnesium</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Mediterranean particulate composition</topic><topic>nitrates</topic><topic>Opacity</topic><topic>Organic carbon</topic><topic>PM2.5</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>potassium</topic><topic>sodium</topic><topic>Total suspended particulate</topic><topic>transmittance</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Perrone, M.R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piazzalunga, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prato, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carofalo, I.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environmental Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Atmospheric environment (1994)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Perrone, M.R.</au><au>Piazzalunga, A.</au><au>Prato, M.</au><au>Carofalo, I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions</atitle><jtitle>Atmospheric environment (1994)</jtitle><date>2011-12-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>39</issue><spage>7470</spage><epage>7477</epage><pages>7470-7477</pages><issn>1352-2310</issn><eissn>1873-2844</eissn><abstract>Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and PM2.5 samples simultaneously collected at a coastal site (40.4°N; 18.1°E) in the central Mediterranean are analyzed to investigate the relative role of ions (Cl
−,
NO
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
, Na
+,
NH
4
+
, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+) and carbonaceous species in the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (TSP–PM2.5) sampled mass. A methodology is described to determine carbonate carbon (CC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) levels from Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) measurements since carbonate particles may significantly contribute to the Mediterranean particulate. We have found that CC levels vary up to 1.7 μg m
−3 and 0.8 μg m
−3 in the coarse and fine fraction, respectively. OC and EC levels vary up to 3.0 μg m
−3 and 1.5 μg m
−3, respectively in the coarse fraction, and vary within the 2.2–10 μg m
−3 and 0.5–5 μg m
−3 range, respectively in the fine fraction. Hence, OC levels may be overestimated mainly in the coarse fraction, if the CC contribution is not accounted for.
CO
3
2
−
levels (calculated from CC concentrations) account on average for 6% and 10% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively and allow balancing the anion deficit resulting from the ionic balance of ions detected by ion chromatography (IC). Total carbon TC = (OC + EC) accounts on average for 29% and 6% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. IC ions account for 38% and 17% of the fine and coarse mass, respectively. OC, EC,
SO
4
2
−
,
NH
4
+
, and K
+ are the major components in the fine fraction, accounting on average for 84% of the analyzed PM2.5 mass. Marine- and crust-originated ions (Cl
−, Mg
2+, Na
+, Ca
2+,
CO
3
2
−
) and
NO
3
−
are mainly in the coarse fraction and represent on average 83% of the analyzed coarse mass.
► Methodology to monitor carbonate carbon by the Thermal Optical Transmittance technique. ► Elemental, organic, and carbonate carbon in fine and coarse particulate matter. ► Characterization of ions and carbonaceous species in the central Mediterranean PM. ► Role of
CO
3
2
−
to balance the anion deficit in the TSP and PM2.5 samples. ► Ammonium loss in coarse particulate.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.030</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1352-2310 |
| ispartof | Atmospheric environment (1994), 2011-12, Vol.45 (39), p.7470-7477 |
| issn | 1352-2310 1873-2844 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_911154387 |
| source | Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Accounting ammonium compounds Applied sciences atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric pollution calcium Carbon Carbonate carbon Carbonates chlorides Chromatography Coastal Elemental carbon Exact sciences and technology Integrated circuits ion exchange chromatography ions magnesium Mathematical analysis Mediterranean particulate composition nitrates Opacity Organic carbon PM2.5 Pollution potassium sodium Total suspended particulate transmittance |
| title | Composition of fine and coarse particles in a coastal site of the central Mediterranean: Carbonaceous species contributions |
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