An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides
The stepwise amperometric biosensor fabrication process and immobilized acetylcholinesterase inhibition in pesticide solution. [Display omitted] • Constructed a novel composite material using Fe 3O 4NP and c-MWCNT at Au electrode for electrocatalysis. • The properties of nanoparticles modified elect...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Analytica chimica acta 2011-09, Vol.701 (1), p.66-74 |
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| creator | Chauhan, Nidhi Pundir, Chandra Shekhar |
| description | The stepwise amperometric biosensor fabrication process and immobilized acetylcholinesterase inhibition in pesticide solution.
[Display omitted]
• Constructed a novel composite material using Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT at Au electrode for electrocatalysis. • The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by SEM, FTIR, CVs and EIS. • The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1) • The half life of electrode was 2 months. • The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) purified from maize seedlings was immobilized covalently onto iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe
3O
4NP) and carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) modified Au electrode. An organophosphorus (OP) biosensor was fabricated using this AChE/Fe
3O
4/c-MWCNT/Au electrode as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as standard and Pt wire as an auxiliary electrode connected through a potentiostat. The biosensor was based on inhibition of AChE by OP compounds/insecticides. The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic action of Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT showed excellent electrocatalytic activity at low potential (+0.4
V). The optimum working conditions for the sensor were pH 7.5, 35
°C, 600
μM substrate concentration and 10
min for inhibition by pesticide. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition rates of OP pesticides were proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.1–40
nM, 0.1–50
nM, 1–50
nM and 10–100
nM for malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan respectively. The detection limits were 0.1
nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, 1
nM for monocrotophos and 10
nM for endosulfan. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1), reusability (more than 50 times) and stability (2 months). The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.014 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_907952240</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0003267011007835</els_id><sourcerecordid>878033004</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-6bf3b4a5abab469b8b30d96c1299687264ae1b36595bc1f3ed49ece910e4d0153</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhSMEokPhAdggbxCrpNexx0nEqqr4kyqxgbVlOzetR3Y82AmlPCGPxR1mgB0sLMs63z2-OqeqnnNoOHB1sWuMM00LnDegGuDyQbXhfSdqKVr5sNoAgKhb1cFZ9aSUHT1bDvJxddbyTomew6b6cTkzE_eYU8Qle8esTwXnkjKzpuDIEukOl_vgblPwM5YFMwnMx5isD_77L2ZJzGdC0zc_IpvNnPYmL94FLBdxDYuv70wIhDqTLXEHYlktFhbT6CdPyk0KI8OAbsmJPCbaIKIpa8aI88LSxFK-ORjfpkInr4X5uRDuHf1ZnlaPJhMKPjvd59Xnt28-Xb2vrz---3B1eV072cNSKzsJK83WWGOlGmxvBYyDcrwdBtV3rZIGuRVqO2yt45PAUQ7ocOCAcgS-FefVq6PvPqcvK8Whoy8OQzAzprXoAbph27YS_kv2XQ9CAEgi-ZF0OZWScdL77KPJ95qDPjStd5qa1oemNShNTdPMi5P7aiOOfyZ-V0vAyxNgijNhymZ2vvzlpJBtzzlxr48cUmpfPWZdnMfZ4egzpavH5P-xxk_0p8zq</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>878033004</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier)</source><creator>Chauhan, Nidhi ; Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</creator><creatorcontrib>Chauhan, Nidhi ; Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</creatorcontrib><description>The stepwise amperometric biosensor fabrication process and immobilized acetylcholinesterase inhibition in pesticide solution.
[Display omitted]
• Constructed a novel composite material using Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT at Au electrode for electrocatalysis. • The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by SEM, FTIR, CVs and EIS. • The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1) • The half life of electrode was 2 months. • The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) purified from maize seedlings was immobilized covalently onto iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe
3O
4NP) and carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) modified Au electrode. An organophosphorus (OP) biosensor was fabricated using this AChE/Fe
3O
4/c-MWCNT/Au electrode as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as standard and Pt wire as an auxiliary electrode connected through a potentiostat. The biosensor was based on inhibition of AChE by OP compounds/insecticides. The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic action of Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT showed excellent electrocatalytic activity at low potential (+0.4
V). The optimum working conditions for the sensor were pH 7.5, 35
°C, 600
μM substrate concentration and 10
min for inhibition by pesticide. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition rates of OP pesticides were proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.1–40
nM, 0.1–50
nM, 1–50
nM and 10–100
nM for malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan respectively. The detection limits were 0.1
nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, 1
nM for monocrotophos and 10
nM for endosulfan. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1), reusability (more than 50 times) and stability (2 months). The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-2670</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-4324</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.014</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21763810</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ACACAM</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Acetylcholinesterase ; Acetylcholinesterase - chemistry ; Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism ; Amperometric biosensor ; Analytical chemistry ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; Biosensing Techniques - methods ; Biosensors ; Biotechnology ; Chemistry ; Dielectric Spectroscopy ; Electrochemical methods ; Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry ; Enzymes, Immobilized - metabolism ; Exact sciences and technology ; Ferric Compounds - chemistry ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Gold - chemistry ; Insecticides - analysis ; Insecticides - metabolism ; Iron oxide nanoparticles ; Methods. Procedures. Technologies ; Milk - chemistry ; Multi walled carbon nanotubes ; Nanoparticles - chemistry ; Nanoparticles - ultrastructure ; Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry ; Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure ; Organophosphorus Compounds - analysis ; Organophosphorus Compounds - metabolism ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Seedlings - enzymology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spectrometric and optical methods ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Various methods and equipments ; Water - analysis ; Zea mays ; Zea mays - enzymology</subject><ispartof>Analytica chimica acta, 2011-09, Vol.701 (1), p.66-74</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-6bf3b4a5abab469b8b30d96c1299687264ae1b36595bc1f3ed49ece910e4d0153</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-6bf3b4a5abab469b8b30d96c1299687264ae1b36595bc1f3ed49ece910e4d0153</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.014$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,3551,27926,27927,45997</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24342811$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763810$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chauhan, Nidhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</creatorcontrib><title>An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides</title><title>Analytica chimica acta</title><addtitle>Anal Chim Acta</addtitle><description>The stepwise amperometric biosensor fabrication process and immobilized acetylcholinesterase inhibition in pesticide solution.
[Display omitted]
• Constructed a novel composite material using Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT at Au electrode for electrocatalysis. • The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by SEM, FTIR, CVs and EIS. • The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1) • The half life of electrode was 2 months. • The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) purified from maize seedlings was immobilized covalently onto iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe
3O
4NP) and carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) modified Au electrode. An organophosphorus (OP) biosensor was fabricated using this AChE/Fe
3O
4/c-MWCNT/Au electrode as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as standard and Pt wire as an auxiliary electrode connected through a potentiostat. The biosensor was based on inhibition of AChE by OP compounds/insecticides. The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic action of Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT showed excellent electrocatalytic activity at low potential (+0.4
V). The optimum working conditions for the sensor were pH 7.5, 35
°C, 600
μM substrate concentration and 10
min for inhibition by pesticide. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition rates of OP pesticides were proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.1–40
nM, 0.1–50
nM, 1–50
nM and 10–100
nM for malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan respectively. The detection limits were 0.1
nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, 1
nM for monocrotophos and 10
nM for endosulfan. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1), reusability (more than 50 times) and stability (2 months). The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.</description><subject>Acetylcholinesterase</subject><subject>Acetylcholinesterase - chemistry</subject><subject>Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism</subject><subject>Amperometric biosensor</subject><subject>Analytical chemistry</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Biosensing Techniques - methods</subject><subject>Biosensors</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Dielectric Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Electrochemical methods</subject><subject>Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry</subject><subject>Enzymes, Immobilized - metabolism</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Gold - chemistry</subject><subject>Insecticides - analysis</subject><subject>Insecticides - metabolism</subject><subject>Iron oxide nanoparticles</subject><subject>Methods. Procedures. Technologies</subject><subject>Milk - chemistry</subject><subject>Multi walled carbon nanotubes</subject><subject>Nanoparticles - chemistry</subject><subject>Nanoparticles - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry</subject><subject>Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Organophosphorus Compounds - analysis</subject><subject>Organophosphorus Compounds - metabolism</subject><subject>Organophosphorus pesticides</subject><subject>Seedlings - enzymology</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Spectrometric and optical methods</subject><subject>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</subject><subject>Various methods and equipments</subject><subject>Water - analysis</subject><subject>Zea mays</subject><subject>Zea mays - enzymology</subject><issn>0003-2670</issn><issn>1873-4324</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1u1DAUhSMEokPhAdggbxCrpNexx0nEqqr4kyqxgbVlOzetR3Y82AmlPCGPxR1mgB0sLMs63z2-OqeqnnNoOHB1sWuMM00LnDegGuDyQbXhfSdqKVr5sNoAgKhb1cFZ9aSUHT1bDvJxddbyTomew6b6cTkzE_eYU8Qle8esTwXnkjKzpuDIEukOl_vgblPwM5YFMwnMx5isD_77L2ZJzGdC0zc_IpvNnPYmL94FLBdxDYuv70wIhDqTLXEHYlktFhbT6CdPyk0KI8OAbsmJPCbaIKIpa8aI88LSxFK-ORjfpkInr4X5uRDuHf1ZnlaPJhMKPjvd59Xnt28-Xb2vrz---3B1eV072cNSKzsJK83WWGOlGmxvBYyDcrwdBtV3rZIGuRVqO2yt45PAUQ7ocOCAcgS-FefVq6PvPqcvK8Whoy8OQzAzprXoAbph27YS_kv2XQ9CAEgi-ZF0OZWScdL77KPJ95qDPjStd5qa1oemNShNTdPMi5P7aiOOfyZ-V0vAyxNgijNhymZ2vvzlpJBtzzlxr48cUmpfPWZdnMfZ4egzpavH5P-xxk_0p8zq</recordid><startdate>20110902</startdate><enddate>20110902</enddate><creator>Chauhan, Nidhi</creator><creator>Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110902</creationdate><title>An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides</title><author>Chauhan, Nidhi ; Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c480t-6bf3b4a5abab469b8b30d96c1299687264ae1b36595bc1f3ed49ece910e4d0153</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Acetylcholinesterase</topic><topic>Acetylcholinesterase - chemistry</topic><topic>Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism</topic><topic>Amperometric biosensor</topic><topic>Analytical chemistry</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Biosensing Techniques - methods</topic><topic>Biosensors</topic><topic>Biotechnology</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Dielectric Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Electrochemical methods</topic><topic>Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry</topic><topic>Enzymes, Immobilized - metabolism</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Gold - chemistry</topic><topic>Insecticides - analysis</topic><topic>Insecticides - metabolism</topic><topic>Iron oxide nanoparticles</topic><topic>Methods. Procedures. Technologies</topic><topic>Milk - chemistry</topic><topic>Multi walled carbon nanotubes</topic><topic>Nanoparticles - chemistry</topic><topic>Nanoparticles - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry</topic><topic>Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure</topic><topic>Organophosphorus Compounds - analysis</topic><topic>Organophosphorus Compounds - metabolism</topic><topic>Organophosphorus pesticides</topic><topic>Seedlings - enzymology</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Spectrometric and optical methods</topic><topic>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</topic><topic>Various methods and equipments</topic><topic>Water - analysis</topic><topic>Zea mays</topic><topic>Zea mays - enzymology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chauhan, Nidhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Analytica chimica acta</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chauhan, Nidhi</au><au>Pundir, Chandra Shekhar</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides</atitle><jtitle>Analytica chimica acta</jtitle><addtitle>Anal Chim Acta</addtitle><date>2011-09-02</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>701</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>66</spage><epage>74</epage><pages>66-74</pages><issn>0003-2670</issn><eissn>1873-4324</eissn><coden>ACACAM</coden><abstract>The stepwise amperometric biosensor fabrication process and immobilized acetylcholinesterase inhibition in pesticide solution.
[Display omitted]
• Constructed a novel composite material using Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT at Au electrode for electrocatalysis. • The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by SEM, FTIR, CVs and EIS. • The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1) • The half life of electrode was 2 months. • The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) purified from maize seedlings was immobilized covalently onto iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe
3O
4NP) and carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) modified Au electrode. An organophosphorus (OP) biosensor was fabricated using this AChE/Fe
3O
4/c-MWCNT/Au electrode as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as standard and Pt wire as an auxiliary electrode connected through a potentiostat. The biosensor was based on inhibition of AChE by OP compounds/insecticides. The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic action of Fe
3O
4NP and c-MWCNT showed excellent electrocatalytic activity at low potential (+0.4
V). The optimum working conditions for the sensor were pH 7.5, 35
°C, 600
μM substrate concentration and 10
min for inhibition by pesticide. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition rates of OP pesticides were proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.1–40
nM, 0.1–50
nM, 1–50
nM and 10–100
nM for malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan respectively. The detection limits were 0.1
nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, 1
nM for monocrotophos and 10
nM for endosulfan. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475
mA
μM
−1), reusability (more than 50 times) and stability (2 months). The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>21763810</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.014</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0003-2670 |
| ispartof | Analytica chimica acta, 2011-09, Vol.701 (1), p.66-74 |
| issn | 0003-2670 1873-4324 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_907952240 |
| source | MEDLINE; Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase - chemistry Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism Amperometric biosensor Analytical chemistry Animals Biological and medical sciences Biosensing Techniques - methods Biosensors Biotechnology Chemistry Dielectric Spectroscopy Electrochemical methods Enzymes, Immobilized - chemistry Enzymes, Immobilized - metabolism Exact sciences and technology Ferric Compounds - chemistry Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gold - chemistry Insecticides - analysis Insecticides - metabolism Iron oxide nanoparticles Methods. Procedures. Technologies Milk - chemistry Multi walled carbon nanotubes Nanoparticles - chemistry Nanoparticles - ultrastructure Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry Nanotubes, Carbon - ultrastructure Organophosphorus Compounds - analysis Organophosphorus Compounds - metabolism Organophosphorus pesticides Seedlings - enzymology Sensitivity and Specificity Spectrometric and optical methods Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Various methods and equipments Water - analysis Zea mays Zea mays - enzymology |
| title | An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides |
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