Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups
Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003–2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology 2011-03, Vol.21 (2), p.133-141 |
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| creator | Hines, Cynthia J Hopf, Nancy B N Deddens, James A Silva, Manori J Calafat, Antonia M |
| description | Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003–2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were used as part of the worker's regular job duties. Phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in the workers' end-shift urine samples were used in a simple pharmacokinetic model to estimate phthalate daily intake. DEHP intake estimates based on three DEHP metabolites combined were 0.6–850
μ
g/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12
μ
g/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20
μ
g/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50
μ
g/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5–170
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27
μ
g/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1–76
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10
μ
g/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/jes.2009.62 |
| format | Article |
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μ
g/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12
μ
g/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20
μ
g/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50
μ
g/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5–170
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27
μ
g/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1–76
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10
μ
g/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1559-0631</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-064X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.62</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20010977</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Nature Publishing Group US</publisher><subject>692/700/478 ; 704/172/169/895 ; Analytical methods ; Bioindicators ; Biological monitoring ; Biomarkers ; Biomarkers - urine ; Care and treatment ; Chemical Industry ; Chlorides ; Diagnosis ; Dibutyl phthalate ; Dibutyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics ; Dibutyl Phthalate - urine ; Diethyl phthalate ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate - urine ; Dioctyl phthalate ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Epidemiology ; Estimates ; Exposure ; Female ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Male ; Manufacturing ; Measurement methods ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metabolites ; Methods ; Occupational exposure ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational health and safety ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phthalate esters ; Phthalates ; Phthalic acid ; Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics ; Phthalic Acids - urine ; Polyvinyl chloride ; Polyvinyl Chloride - metabolism ; Polyvinyl Chloride - pharmacokinetics ; Risk Assessment ; Rubber ; Uncertainty ; Urine ; Workers</subject><ispartof>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2011-03, Vol.21 (2), p.133-141</ispartof><rights>Nature America, Inc. 2011</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2011 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Nature America, Inc. 2011.</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group Mar 2011</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-db04f4ba9211c9c5f21ad7384721560786b436c33e8a639d17865dd95a100ce3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-db04f4ba9211c9c5f21ad7384721560786b436c33e8a639d17865dd95a100ce3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/jes.2009.62$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/jes.2009.62$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010977$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cynthia J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopf, Nancy B N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deddens, James A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Manori J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calafat, Antonia M</creatorcontrib><title>Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups</title><title>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</title><addtitle>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</addtitle><addtitle>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</addtitle><description>Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003–2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were used as part of the worker's regular job duties. Phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in the workers' end-shift urine samples were used in a simple pharmacokinetic model to estimate phthalate daily intake. DEHP intake estimates based on three DEHP metabolites combined were 0.6–850
μ
g/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12
μ
g/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20
μ
g/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50
μ
g/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5–170
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27
μ
g/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1–76
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10
μ
g/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries.</description><subject>692/700/478</subject><subject>704/172/169/895</subject><subject>Analytical methods</subject><subject>Bioindicators</subject><subject>Biological monitoring</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomarkers - urine</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Chemical Industry</subject><subject>Chlorides</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Dibutyl phthalate</subject><subject>Dibutyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Dibutyl Phthalate - urine</subject><subject>Diethyl phthalate</subject><subject>Diethylhexyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Diethylhexyl Phthalate - urine</subject><subject>Dioctyl phthalate</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Measurement methods</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Occupational exposure</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Occupational health and safety</subject><subject>Pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Phthalate esters</subject><subject>Phthalates</subject><subject>Phthalic acid</subject><subject>Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Phthalic Acids - urine</subject><subject>Polyvinyl chloride</subject><subject>Polyvinyl Chloride - metabolism</subject><subject>Polyvinyl Chloride - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Rubber</subject><subject>Uncertainty</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Workers</subject><issn>1559-0631</issn><issn>1559-064X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0s1rFDEUAPBBFFurJ-8yKNiD7vrynRxL2apQ8NKDt5BNMruzZidjkoH2vzfD1tZKRXJIePm9Fx55TfMawRIBkZ92Pi8xgFpy_KQ5RoypBXD6_endmaCj5kXOOwBKBYfnzVHlCJQQx81qlUu_N8W71pk-3LT9UMwP38auHbdla0K9yjXYRmun0ZQ-DiZU5q_HmGvSJsVpzC-bZ50J2b-63U-aq4vV1fmXxeW3z1_Pzy4XllFRFm4NtKNrozBCVlnWYWScIJIKjBgHIfmaEm4J8dJwohyqEeacYgYBWE9OmtND2THFn5PPRe_7bH0IZvBxylqBQIwARf-VkmEFDGFa5du_5C5OqTY5IyS4wBIqevcvhDkFJpVU7F5tTPC6H7pYkrHzw_oMMwCClcRVLR9RdTm_720cfNfX-IOE938kbL0JZZtjmOa_yA_hhwO0KeacfKfHVP823WgEeh4VXUdFz6Oi-azf3PY0rffe3dnfs1HBxwPI9WrY-HTf9GP1fgFMHMNF</recordid><startdate>20110301</startdate><enddate>20110301</enddate><creator>Hines, Cynthia J</creator><creator>Hopf, Nancy B N</creator><creator>Deddens, James A</creator><creator>Silva, Manori J</creator><creator>Calafat, Antonia M</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group US</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7U2</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110301</creationdate><title>Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups</title><author>Hines, Cynthia J ; Hopf, Nancy B N ; Deddens, James A ; Silva, Manori J ; Calafat, Antonia M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c547t-db04f4ba9211c9c5f21ad7384721560786b436c33e8a639d17865dd95a100ce3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>692/700/478</topic><topic>704/172/169/895</topic><topic>Analytical methods</topic><topic>Bioindicators</topic><topic>Biological monitoring</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Biomarkers - urine</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Chemical Industry</topic><topic>Chlorides</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Dibutyl phthalate</topic><topic>Dibutyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Dibutyl Phthalate - urine</topic><topic>Diethyl phthalate</topic><topic>Diethylhexyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Diethylhexyl Phthalate - urine</topic><topic>Dioctyl phthalate</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Estimates</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Measurement methods</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Occupational exposure</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Occupational health and safety</topic><topic>Pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Phthalate esters</topic><topic>Phthalates</topic><topic>Phthalic acid</topic><topic>Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Phthalic Acids - urine</topic><topic>Polyvinyl chloride</topic><topic>Polyvinyl Chloride - metabolism</topic><topic>Polyvinyl Chloride - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Rubber</topic><topic>Uncertainty</topic><topic>Urine</topic><topic>Workers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hines, Cynthia J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopf, Nancy B N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deddens, James A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Silva, Manori J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Calafat, Antonia M</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><jtitle>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hines, Cynthia J</au><au>Hopf, Nancy B N</au><au>Deddens, James A</au><au>Silva, Manori J</au><au>Calafat, Antonia M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups</atitle><jtitle>Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology</jtitle><stitle>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</stitle><addtitle>J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol</addtitle><date>2011-03-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>133</spage><epage>141</epage><pages>133-141</pages><issn>1559-0631</issn><eissn>1559-064X</eissn><abstract>Improved analytical methods for measuring urinary phthalate metabolites have resulted in biomarker-based estimates of phthalate daily intake for the general population, but not for occupationally exposed groups. In 2003–2005, we recruited 156 workers from eight industries where materials containing diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were used as part of the worker's regular job duties. Phthalate metabolite concentrations measured in the workers' end-shift urine samples were used in a simple pharmacokinetic model to estimate phthalate daily intake. DEHP intake estimates based on three DEHP metabolites combined were 0.6–850
μ
g/kg/day, with the two highest geometric mean (GM) intakes in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day) and PVC compounding (12
μ
g/kg/day). All industries, except phthalate manufacturing, had some workers whose DEHP exposure exceeded the U.S. reference dose (RfD) of 20
μ
g/kg/day. A few workers also exceeded the DEHP European tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 50
μ
g/kg/day. DEP intake estimates were 0.5–170
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GM in phthalate manufacturing (27
μ
g/kg/day). DBP intake estimates were 0.1–76
μ
g/kg/day, with the highest GMs in rubber gasket and in phthalate manufacturing (17
μ
g/kg/day, each). No DEP or DBP intake estimates exceeded their respective RfDs. The DBP TDI (10
μ
g/kg/day) was exceeded in three rubber industries and in phthalate manufacturing. These intake estimates are subject to several uncertainties; however, an occupational contribution to phthalate daily intake is clearly indicated in some industries.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group US</pub><pmid>20010977</pmid><doi>10.1038/jes.2009.62</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | 692/700/478 704/172/169/895 Analytical methods Bioindicators Biological monitoring Biomarkers Biomarkers - urine Care and treatment Chemical Industry Chlorides Diagnosis Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics Dibutyl Phthalate - urine Diethyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate - pharmacokinetics Diethylhexyl Phthalate - urine Dioctyl phthalate Environmental Monitoring - methods Epidemiology Estimates Exposure Female Health aspects Humans Male Manufacturing Measurement methods Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolites Methods Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational health and safety Pharmacokinetics Phthalate esters Phthalates Phthalic acid Phthalic Acids - pharmacokinetics Phthalic Acids - urine Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl Chloride - metabolism Polyvinyl Chloride - pharmacokinetics Risk Assessment Rubber Uncertainty Urine Workers |
| title | Estimated daily intake of phthalates in occupationally exposed groups |
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