On the generation of ELF/VLF waves for long-distance propagation via steerable HF heating of the lower ionosphere

ELF/VLF radio waves (300 Hz to 30 kHz) have been successfully generated via modulated HF (3–10 MHz) heating of the lower ionosphere in the presence of natural currents, most recently with the HAARP facility in Alaska. Generation is possible via amplitude modulation or via two techniques involving mo...

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