Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable?

► Environmental enrichment is associated with increased learning and memory. ► Voluntary exercise is associated with increased learning and memory. ► Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise increase neurogenesis and BDNF. ► Both neurogenesis and BDNF are required for pattern separation. ► BD...

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Veröffentlicht in:Seminars in cell & developmental biology 2011-07, Vol.22 (5), p.536-542
Hauptverfasser: Bekinschtein, Pedro, Oomen, Charlotte A., Saksida, Lisa M., Bussey, Timothy J.
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container_title Seminars in cell & developmental biology
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creator Bekinschtein, Pedro
Oomen, Charlotte A.
Saksida, Lisa M.
Bussey, Timothy J.
description ► Environmental enrichment is associated with increased learning and memory. ► Voluntary exercise is associated with increased learning and memory. ► Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise increase neurogenesis and BDNF. ► Both neurogenesis and BDNF are required for pattern separation. ► BDNF might be a third variable responsible for learning and memory enhancement. Adult-generated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus have been the focus of many studies concerned with learning and memory (L&M). It has been shown that procedures like environmental enrichment (EE) or voluntary physical exercise (Vex) can increase neurogenesis (NG) and also enhance L&M. It is tempting to conclude that improvements in L&M are due to the increased NG; that is, a causal relationship exists between enhancement of NG and enhancement of L&M. However, it remains unclear whether the L&M enhancement observed after these treatments is causally dependent on the increase in newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus. It remains a possibility that some unspecified change – a “third variable” – brought about by EE and/or Vex could be a causal determinant of both NG and L&M. We suggest that this third variable could be neurotrophic and/or plasticity-related factors such as BDNF. Indeed, both EE and Vex can induce expression of such proteins, and BDNF in particular has long been linked with L&M. In addition, we argue that a very likely source of variation in previous experiments was the load on “pattern separation”, a process that keeps similar memories distinct, and in which NG has been shown to be critically involved. To attempt to bring these ideas together, we present preliminary evidence that BDNF is also required for pattern separation, which strengthens the case for BDNF as a candidate third variable. Other ways in which BDNF might be involved are also discussed.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.002
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subjects Adult
BDNF
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - metabolism
Environment Design
Environmental enrichment
Exercise
Exercise - physiology
Humans
Learning - physiology
Memory - physiology
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis - physiology
Pattern Recognition, Physiological - physiology
Pattern separation
title Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable?
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