Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products
Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevan...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water research (Oxford) 2011-11, Vol.45 (18), p.6097-6106 |
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| creator | Calisto, Vânia Domingues, M. Rosário M. Esteves, Valdemar I. |
| description | Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and alprazolam) was investigated. Benzodiazepines were irradiated under simulated solar irradiation and direct and indirect (together with three different fractions of humic substances) photodegradation kinetics were determined. Lorazepam was shown to be quickly photodegradated by direct solar radiation, with a half-life time lower than one summer sunny day. On the contrary, oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed to be highly resistant to photodegradation with half-life times of 4, 7 and 228 summer sunny days, respectively. Apparent indirect and direct photodegradation rates are of the same order of magnitude. However, humic acids were consistently responsible for a decrease in the photodegradation rates while fulvic acids and XAD4 fraction caused an enhancement of the photodegradation. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation might not be an efficient pathway to prevent the aquatic environmental accumulation of oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Also, nineteen direct photodegradation products were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry, the majority of which are newly identified photoproducts. This identification is crucial to a more complete understanding of the environmental impact of benzodiazepines in aquatic systems.
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► The photodegradation of benzodiazepines under environmental conditions was studied. ► Oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed a significant resistance to photodegradation. ► A total of 19 photodegradation products were identified. ► Different fractions of DOM exerted distinct effects on the photodegradation rates. ►This is the first study concerning the environmental photolysis of benzodiazepines. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008 |
| format | Article |
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[Display omitted]
► The photodegradation of benzodiazepines under environmental conditions was studied. ► Oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed a significant resistance to photodegradation. ► A total of 19 photodegradation products were identified. ► Different fractions of DOM exerted distinct effects on the photodegradation rates. ►This is the first study concerning the environmental photolysis of benzodiazepines.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1354</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-2448</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21943883</identifier><identifier>CODEN: WATRAG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Alprazolam ; Antipsychotic Agents - chemistry ; Antipsychotic Agents - radiation effects ; Applied sciences ; aquatic environment ; Benzodiazepines ; Benzodiazepines - chemistry ; Consumption ; Diazepam ; Dissolved organic matter ; Elements ; Environment ; Environmental impact ; Exact sciences and technology ; fulvic acids ; half life ; humic acids ; Irradiation ; Kinetics ; Limit of Detection ; Linear Models ; Lorazepam ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Organic Chemicals - chemistry ; Oxazepam ; Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry ; Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects ; Pharmaceuticals ; Photodegradation ; Photolysis ; Pollution ; Simulation ; solar radiation ; Solubility ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Summer ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water treatment and pollution</subject><ispartof>Water research (Oxford), 2011-11, Vol.45 (18), p.6097-6106</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c538t-579ca6d90c2f23210aa1849a05e2f87ebe4783fb47933a03426dfc8aa8fb135d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c538t-579ca6d90c2f23210aa1849a05e2f87ebe4783fb47933a03426dfc8aa8fb135d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411005276$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24711427$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943883$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Calisto, Vânia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Domingues, M. Rosário M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Esteves, Valdemar I.</creatorcontrib><title>Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products</title><title>Water research (Oxford)</title><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><description>Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and alprazolam) was investigated. Benzodiazepines were irradiated under simulated solar irradiation and direct and indirect (together with three different fractions of humic substances) photodegradation kinetics were determined. Lorazepam was shown to be quickly photodegradated by direct solar radiation, with a half-life time lower than one summer sunny day. On the contrary, oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed to be highly resistant to photodegradation with half-life times of 4, 7 and 228 summer sunny days, respectively. Apparent indirect and direct photodegradation rates are of the same order of magnitude. However, humic acids were consistently responsible for a decrease in the photodegradation rates while fulvic acids and XAD4 fraction caused an enhancement of the photodegradation. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation might not be an efficient pathway to prevent the aquatic environmental accumulation of oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Also, nineteen direct photodegradation products were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry, the majority of which are newly identified photoproducts. This identification is crucial to a more complete understanding of the environmental impact of benzodiazepines in aquatic systems.
[Display omitted]
► The photodegradation of benzodiazepines under environmental conditions was studied. ► Oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed a significant resistance to photodegradation. ► A total of 19 photodegradation products were identified. ► Different fractions of DOM exerted distinct effects on the photodegradation rates. ►This is the first study concerning the environmental photolysis of benzodiazepines.</description><subject>Alprazolam</subject><subject>Antipsychotic Agents - chemistry</subject><subject>Antipsychotic Agents - radiation effects</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>aquatic environment</subject><subject>Benzodiazepines</subject><subject>Benzodiazepines - chemistry</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Diazepam</subject><subject>Dissolved organic matter</subject><subject>Elements</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>fulvic acids</subject><subject>half life</subject><subject>humic acids</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Limit of Detection</subject><subject>Linear Models</subject><subject>Lorazepam</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Organic Chemicals - chemistry</subject><subject>Oxazepam</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects</subject><subject>Pharmaceuticals</subject><subject>Photodegradation</subject><subject>Photolysis</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>solar radiation</subject><subject>Solubility</subject><subject>Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical</subject><subject>Water treatment and pollution</subject><issn>0043-1354</issn><issn>1879-2448</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkctu1DAYhS0EokPhDRBkg1gl_L4ksTdIqOImKoEEXVv_-NLxaOJM7aSoO96BN-yT1KMMILGAlRf-zjn2OYQ8pdBQoN2rbfMdp-Ryw4DSBlQDIO-RFZW9qpkQ8j5ZAQheU96KE_Io5y0AMMbVQ3LCqBJcSr4i6ctmnEbrLhNanMIYq9FX-3xjNqG4B1PtN5gGNG6egsFdrkKs8GouqKlcvA5pjIOLU65uf_ysPoXoykWuMNoi_Mt4n0Y7myk_Jg98cXJPjucpuXj39tvZh_r88_uPZ2_Oa9NyOdVtrwx2VoFhnnFGAZFKoRBax7zs3dqJXnK_Fr3iHIEL1llvJKL06_Jny0_Jy8W3BF_NLk96CNm43Q6jG-esFTDeQmnqv6RUpSvZtV0hxUKaNOacnNf7FAZMN5qCPsyit3qZRR9m0aB0maXInh0D5vXg7G_Rrx0K8OIIYC41-4TRhPyHEz2lgvWFe75wHkeNl6kwF19LUlu2pRT6A_F6IVyp9jq4pLMJLhpnQ3Jm0nYM_37rHT8pucI</recordid><startdate>20111115</startdate><enddate>20111115</enddate><creator>Calisto, Vânia</creator><creator>Domingues, M. Rosário M.</creator><creator>Esteves, Valdemar I.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20111115</creationdate><title>Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products</title><author>Calisto, Vânia ; Domingues, M. Rosário M. ; Esteves, Valdemar I.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c538t-579ca6d90c2f23210aa1849a05e2f87ebe4783fb47933a03426dfc8aa8fb135d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Alprazolam</topic><topic>Antipsychotic Agents - chemistry</topic><topic>Antipsychotic Agents - radiation effects</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>aquatic environment</topic><topic>Benzodiazepines</topic><topic>Benzodiazepines - chemistry</topic><topic>Consumption</topic><topic>Diazepam</topic><topic>Dissolved organic matter</topic><topic>Elements</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>fulvic acids</topic><topic>half life</topic><topic>humic acids</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Limit of Detection</topic><topic>Linear Models</topic><topic>Lorazepam</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Organic Chemicals - chemistry</topic><topic>Oxazepam</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects</topic><topic>Pharmaceuticals</topic><topic>Photodegradation</topic><topic>Photolysis</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>solar radiation</topic><topic>Solubility</topic><topic>Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet</topic><topic>Summer</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical</topic><topic>Water treatment and pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Calisto, Vânia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Domingues, M. Rosário M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Esteves, Valdemar I.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Calisto, Vânia</au><au>Domingues, M. Rosário M.</au><au>Esteves, Valdemar I.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products</atitle><jtitle>Water research (Oxford)</jtitle><addtitle>Water Res</addtitle><date>2011-11-15</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>18</issue><spage>6097</spage><epage>6106</epage><pages>6097-6106</pages><issn>0043-1354</issn><eissn>1879-2448</eissn><coden>WATRAG</coden><abstract>Benzodiazepines are widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceuticals which are frequently detected in the environment. The environmental persistence and fate of these pharmaceuticals as well as their degradation products is of high relevance and it is, yet, scarcely elucidated. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and alprazolam) was investigated. Benzodiazepines were irradiated under simulated solar irradiation and direct and indirect (together with three different fractions of humic substances) photodegradation kinetics were determined. Lorazepam was shown to be quickly photodegradated by direct solar radiation, with a half-life time lower than one summer sunny day. On the contrary, oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed to be highly resistant to photodegradation with half-life times of 4, 7 and 228 summer sunny days, respectively. Apparent indirect and direct photodegradation rates are of the same order of magnitude. However, humic acids were consistently responsible for a decrease in the photodegradation rates while fulvic acids and XAD4 fraction caused an enhancement of the photodegradation. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation might not be an efficient pathway to prevent the aquatic environmental accumulation of oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Also, nineteen direct photodegradation products were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry, the majority of which are newly identified photoproducts. This identification is crucial to a more complete understanding of the environmental impact of benzodiazepines in aquatic systems.
[Display omitted]
► The photodegradation of benzodiazepines under environmental conditions was studied. ► Oxazepam, diazepam and alprazolam showed a significant resistance to photodegradation. ► A total of 19 photodegradation products were identified. ► Different fractions of DOM exerted distinct effects on the photodegradation rates. ►This is the first study concerning the environmental photolysis of benzodiazepines.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>21943883</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.008</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Alprazolam Antipsychotic Agents - chemistry Antipsychotic Agents - radiation effects Applied sciences aquatic environment Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines - chemistry Consumption Diazepam Dissolved organic matter Elements Environment Environmental impact Exact sciences and technology fulvic acids half life humic acids Irradiation Kinetics Limit of Detection Linear Models Lorazepam Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry Organic Chemicals - chemistry Oxazepam Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceuticals Photodegradation Photolysis Pollution Simulation solar radiation Solubility Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet Summer Water Pollutants, Chemical Water treatment and pollution |
| title | Photodegradation of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments – Kinetics and photodegradation products |
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