Etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE-infected adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens
We studied prevalence of etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE infection with first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) failure. A total of 225 adults failing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 NNRTI in Thailan...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Antiviral therapy 2011-01, Vol.16 (7), p.1113-1121 |
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| creator | BUNUPURADAH, Torsak ANANWORANICH, Jintanat KLINBUAYAEM, Virat PETOUMENOS, Kathy HIRSCHEL, Bernard BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan KANTIPONG, Pacharee JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee MUNSAKUL, Warangkana PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana |
| description | We studied prevalence of etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE infection with first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) failure.
A total of 225 adults failing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 NNRTI in Thailand with HIV RNA>1,000 copies/ml were included. Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. ETR resistance was calculated by the new Monogram weighted score (Monogram WS; ≥ 4 indicating high-level ETR resistance) and by DUET weighted score (DUET WS; 2.5-3.5 and ≥ 4 resulted in intermediate and reduce ETR response, respectively). RPV resistance interpretation was based on previous reports.
Median (IQR) age was 38 (34-42) years, 41% were female and CDC A:B:C were 22%:21%:57%. HIV subtypes were 96% CRF01_AE and 4% B. Antiretrovirals at failure were lamivudine (100%), stavudine (93%), nevirapine (90%) and efavirenz (10%) with a median (IQR) duration of 3.4 (1.8-4.5) years. Median (IQR) CD4(+) T-cell count and HIV RNA were 194 (121-280) cells/mm³ and 4.1 (3.6-4.6) log₁₀ copies/ml, respectively. The common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (41%), G190A (22%) and K103N (19%). The proportion of patients with Monogram WS score ≥ 4 was 61.3%. By DUET WS, 49.8% and 7.5% of patients were scored 2.5-3.5 and ≥4, respectively. Only HIV RNA ≥ 4 log₁₀ copies/ml at failure was associated with both Monogram WS ≥ 4 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9; P=0.003) and DUET WS ≥ 2.5 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3; P=0.02). The RVP resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) detected were K101P (1.8%), Y181I (2.7%) and Y181V (3.6%). All patients with RPV mutation had ETR resistance. No E138R/E138K mutations were detected.
Approximately 60% of patients had high-level ETR resistance. The role of ETR in second-line therapy is limited in late NNRTI failure settings. RVP RAMs were uncommon, but cross-resistance between ETR and RVP was high. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3851/imp1906 |
| format | Article |
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A total of 225 adults failing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 NNRTI in Thailand with HIV RNA>1,000 copies/ml were included. Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. ETR resistance was calculated by the new Monogram weighted score (Monogram WS; ≥ 4 indicating high-level ETR resistance) and by DUET weighted score (DUET WS; 2.5-3.5 and ≥ 4 resulted in intermediate and reduce ETR response, respectively). RPV resistance interpretation was based on previous reports.
Median (IQR) age was 38 (34-42) years, 41% were female and CDC A:B:C were 22%:21%:57%. HIV subtypes were 96% CRF01_AE and 4% B. Antiretrovirals at failure were lamivudine (100%), stavudine (93%), nevirapine (90%) and efavirenz (10%) with a median (IQR) duration of 3.4 (1.8-4.5) years. Median (IQR) CD4(+) T-cell count and HIV RNA were 194 (121-280) cells/mm³ and 4.1 (3.6-4.6) log₁₀ copies/ml, respectively. The common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (41%), G190A (22%) and K103N (19%). The proportion of patients with Monogram WS score ≥ 4 was 61.3%. By DUET WS, 49.8% and 7.5% of patients were scored 2.5-3.5 and ≥4, respectively. Only HIV RNA ≥ 4 log₁₀ copies/ml at failure was associated with both Monogram WS ≥ 4 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9; P=0.003) and DUET WS ≥ 2.5 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3; P=0.02). The RVP resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) detected were K101P (1.8%), Y181I (2.7%) and Y181V (3.6%). All patients with RPV mutation had ETR resistance. No E138R/E138K mutations were detected.
Approximately 60% of patients had high-level ETR resistance. The role of ETR in second-line therapy is limited in late NNRTI failure settings. RVP RAMs were uncommon, but cross-resistance between ETR and RVP was high.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1359-6535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2040-2058</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3851/imp1906</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22024527</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: International Medical Press</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology ; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use ; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Antiviral agents ; Benzoxazines - administration & dosage ; Benzoxazines - pharmacology ; Benzoxazines - therapeutic use ; Biological and medical sciences ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; Genotype ; HIV Infections - drug therapy ; HIV Infections - virology ; HIV-1 - classification ; HIV-1 - drug effects ; HIV-1 - genetics ; Human viral diseases ; Humans ; Immunodeficiencies ; Immunodeficiencies. Immunoglobulinopathies ; Immunopathology ; Infectious diseases ; Lamivudine - administration & dosage ; Lamivudine - pharmacology ; Lamivudine - therapeutic use ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Mutation ; Nevirapine - administration & dosage ; Nevirapine - pharmacology ; Nevirapine - therapeutic use ; Nitriles - administration & dosage ; Nitriles - pharmacology ; Nitriles - therapeutic use ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Pyridazines - administration & dosage ; Pyridazines - pharmacology ; Pyridazines - therapeutic use ; Pyrimidines - administration & dosage ; Pyrimidines - pharmacology ; Pyrimidines - therapeutic use ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - administration & dosage ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - pharmacology ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - therapeutic use ; Rilpivirine ; RNA, Viral - blood ; Stavudine - administration & dosage ; Stavudine - pharmacology ; Stavudine - therapeutic use ; Viral diseases ; Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids]]></subject><ispartof>Antiviral therapy, 2011-01, Vol.16 (7), p.1113-1121</ispartof><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-5427156d58ad25b6b2a487c357d2e70c51a15d10c35bf4d2897b427e1324efef3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-5427156d58ad25b6b2a487c357d2e70c51a15d10c35bf4d2897b427e1324efef3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24728660$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024527$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>BUNUPURADAH, Torsak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ANANWORANICH, Jintanat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KLINBUAYAEM, Virat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PETOUMENOS, Kathy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HIRSCHEL, Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KANTIPONG, Pacharee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MUNSAKUL, Warangkana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana</creatorcontrib><title>Etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE-infected adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens</title><title>Antiviral therapy</title><addtitle>Antivir Ther</addtitle><description>We studied prevalence of etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE infection with first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) failure.
A total of 225 adults failing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 NNRTI in Thailand with HIV RNA>1,000 copies/ml were included. Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. ETR resistance was calculated by the new Monogram weighted score (Monogram WS; ≥ 4 indicating high-level ETR resistance) and by DUET weighted score (DUET WS; 2.5-3.5 and ≥ 4 resulted in intermediate and reduce ETR response, respectively). RPV resistance interpretation was based on previous reports.
Median (IQR) age was 38 (34-42) years, 41% were female and CDC A:B:C were 22%:21%:57%. HIV subtypes were 96% CRF01_AE and 4% B. Antiretrovirals at failure were lamivudine (100%), stavudine (93%), nevirapine (90%) and efavirenz (10%) with a median (IQR) duration of 3.4 (1.8-4.5) years. Median (IQR) CD4(+) T-cell count and HIV RNA were 194 (121-280) cells/mm³ and 4.1 (3.6-4.6) log₁₀ copies/ml, respectively. The common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (41%), G190A (22%) and K103N (19%). The proportion of patients with Monogram WS score ≥ 4 was 61.3%. By DUET WS, 49.8% and 7.5% of patients were scored 2.5-3.5 and ≥4, respectively. Only HIV RNA ≥ 4 log₁₀ copies/ml at failure was associated with both Monogram WS ≥ 4 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9; P=0.003) and DUET WS ≥ 2.5 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3; P=0.02). The RVP resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) detected were K101P (1.8%), Y181I (2.7%) and Y181V (3.6%). All patients with RPV mutation had ETR resistance. No E138R/E138K mutations were detected.
Approximately 60% of patients had high-level ETR resistance. The role of ETR in second-line therapy is limited in late NNRTI failure settings. RVP RAMs were uncommon, but cross-resistance between ETR and RVP was high.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</subject><subject>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active</subject><subject>Antiviral agents</subject><subject>Benzoxazines - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Benzoxazines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Benzoxazines - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Viral</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>HIV Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>HIV Infections - virology</subject><subject>HIV-1 - classification</subject><subject>HIV-1 - drug effects</subject><subject>HIV-1 - genetics</subject><subject>Human viral diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunodeficiencies</subject><subject>Immunodeficiencies. Immunoglobulinopathies</subject><subject>Immunopathology</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Lamivudine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Lamivudine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Lamivudine - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Nevirapine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Nevirapine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Nevirapine - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Nitriles - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Nitriles - pharmacology</subject><subject>Nitriles - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Pyridazines - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Pyridazines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Pyridazines - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Pyrimidines - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Pyrimidines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Pyrimidines - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - pharmacology</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Rilpivirine</subject><subject>RNA, Viral - blood</subject><subject>Stavudine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Stavudine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Stavudine - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids</subject><issn>1359-6535</issn><issn>2040-2058</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpFkd1u1DAQhS0EoktBvAHyDeqVi3_iJHtZrbZ0pSIQAm4jx56UQYkTPE6lPgjvi1cs7dXojL45oznD2FslL01r1QecFrWV9TO20bKSQkvbPmcbZexW1NbYM_aK6JeUut1K-ZKdaS11ZXWzYX_2Obl7TBiBuxh4wnHBk05ASNlFDxwjvzn8EIrT2ueHBfju67VU3dVeYBzAZwjchXXMxAeHI8Y7Huco4upHmAnD0eseEgEv2yL5hEt2dLT9iT3mOYm-yLId7nCCSK_Zi8GNBG9O9Zx9v95_292I288fD7urW-FNU2dhK90oWwfbuqBtX_faVW3jjW2ChkZ6q5yyQcnS6YcqlOubvoyAMrqCAQZzzi7--S5p_r0C5W5C8jCOLsK8UlfSqittzPaJ9GkmSjB0S8LJpYdOye74gu7w6cvxBYV8d_Jc-wnCI_c_8wK8PwGOvBuHkohHeuKqRrd1Lc1ff2OQAw</recordid><startdate>20110101</startdate><enddate>20110101</enddate><creator>BUNUPURADAH, Torsak</creator><creator>ANANWORANICH, Jintanat</creator><creator>KLINBUAYAEM, Virat</creator><creator>PETOUMENOS, Kathy</creator><creator>HIRSCHEL, Bernard</creator><creator>BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij</creator><creator>RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat</creator><creator>CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan</creator><creator>KANTIPONG, Pacharee</creator><creator>JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee</creator><creator>SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee</creator><creator>MUNSAKUL, Warangkana</creator><creator>PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit</creator><creator>SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek</creator><creator>BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana</creator><general>International Medical Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110101</creationdate><title>Etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE-infected adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens</title><author>BUNUPURADAH, Torsak ; ANANWORANICH, Jintanat ; KLINBUAYAEM, Virat ; PETOUMENOS, Kathy ; HIRSCHEL, Bernard ; BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij ; RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat ; CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan ; KANTIPONG, Pacharee ; JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee ; SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee ; MUNSAKUL, Warangkana ; PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit ; SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek ; BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c376t-5427156d58ad25b6b2a487c357d2e70c51a15d10c35bf4d2897b427e1324efef3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antibiotics. 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Aids</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>BUNUPURADAH, Torsak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ANANWORANICH, Jintanat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KLINBUAYAEM, Virat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PETOUMENOS, Kathy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>HIRSCHEL, Bernard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>KANTIPONG, Pacharee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MUNSAKUL, Warangkana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Antiviral therapy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>BUNUPURADAH, Torsak</au><au>ANANWORANICH, Jintanat</au><au>KLINBUAYAEM, Virat</au><au>PETOUMENOS, Kathy</au><au>HIRSCHEL, Bernard</au><au>BHAKEECHEEP, Sorakij</au><au>RUXRUNGTHAM, Kiat</au><au>CHETCHOTISAKD, Ploenchan</au><au>KANTIPONG, Pacharee</au><au>JIRAJARIYAVEJ, Supunnee</au><au>SIRIVICHAYAKUL, Sunee</au><au>MUNSAKUL, Warangkana</au><au>PRASITHSIRIKUL, Wisit</au><au>SUNGKANUPARPH, Somnuek</au><au>BOWONWATTANUWONG, Chureeratana</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE-infected adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens</atitle><jtitle>Antiviral therapy</jtitle><addtitle>Antivir Ther</addtitle><date>2011-01-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1113</spage><epage>1121</epage><pages>1113-1121</pages><issn>1359-6535</issn><eissn>2040-2058</eissn><abstract>We studied prevalence of etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE infection with first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) failure.
A total of 225 adults failing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus 1 NNRTI in Thailand with HIV RNA>1,000 copies/ml were included. Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. ETR resistance was calculated by the new Monogram weighted score (Monogram WS; ≥ 4 indicating high-level ETR resistance) and by DUET weighted score (DUET WS; 2.5-3.5 and ≥ 4 resulted in intermediate and reduce ETR response, respectively). RPV resistance interpretation was based on previous reports.
Median (IQR) age was 38 (34-42) years, 41% were female and CDC A:B:C were 22%:21%:57%. HIV subtypes were 96% CRF01_AE and 4% B. Antiretrovirals at failure were lamivudine (100%), stavudine (93%), nevirapine (90%) and efavirenz (10%) with a median (IQR) duration of 3.4 (1.8-4.5) years. Median (IQR) CD4(+) T-cell count and HIV RNA were 194 (121-280) cells/mm³ and 4.1 (3.6-4.6) log₁₀ copies/ml, respectively. The common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (41%), G190A (22%) and K103N (19%). The proportion of patients with Monogram WS score ≥ 4 was 61.3%. By DUET WS, 49.8% and 7.5% of patients were scored 2.5-3.5 and ≥4, respectively. Only HIV RNA ≥ 4 log₁₀ copies/ml at failure was associated with both Monogram WS ≥ 4 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9; P=0.003) and DUET WS ≥ 2.5 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3; P=0.02). The RVP resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) detected were K101P (1.8%), Y181I (2.7%) and Y181V (3.6%). All patients with RPV mutation had ETR resistance. No E138R/E138K mutations were detected.
Approximately 60% of patients had high-level ETR resistance. The role of ETR in second-line therapy is limited in late NNRTI failure settings. RVP RAMs were uncommon, but cross-resistance between ETR and RVP was high.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>International Medical Press</pub><pmid>22024527</pmid><doi>10.3851/imp1906</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1359-6535 |
| ispartof | Antiviral therapy, 2011-01, Vol.16 (7), p.1113-1121 |
| issn | 1359-6535 2040-2058 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_900642339 |
| source | MEDLINE; Sage Journals GOLD Open Access 2024; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Adult Anti-HIV Agents - pharmacology Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Antiviral agents Benzoxazines - administration & dosage Benzoxazines - pharmacology Benzoxazines - therapeutic use Biological and medical sciences Drug Resistance, Viral Female Genotype HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Infections - virology HIV-1 - classification HIV-1 - drug effects HIV-1 - genetics Human viral diseases Humans Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies. Immunoglobulinopathies Immunopathology Infectious diseases Lamivudine - administration & dosage Lamivudine - pharmacology Lamivudine - therapeutic use Male Medical sciences Mutation Nevirapine - administration & dosage Nevirapine - pharmacology Nevirapine - therapeutic use Nitriles - administration & dosage Nitriles - pharmacology Nitriles - therapeutic use Pharmacology. Drug treatments Pyridazines - administration & dosage Pyridazines - pharmacology Pyridazines - therapeutic use Pyrimidines - administration & dosage Pyrimidines - pharmacology Pyrimidines - therapeutic use Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - administration & dosage Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - pharmacology Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - therapeutic use Rilpivirine RNA, Viral - blood Stavudine - administration & dosage Stavudine - pharmacology Stavudine - therapeutic use Viral diseases Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids |
| title | Etravirine and rilpivirine resistance in HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE-infected adults failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens |
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