Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources
Daily PM 2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na +, NH 4 +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl −, NO 3 − and SO 4 2−) were collected in Xi'an (34.23°N, 108.88°E), China from March 2006 to March 2007. PM 2.5 was collected using battery-powered mini-volume samplers. And the ions were determined by ion chroma...
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| creator | Zhang, T. Cao, J.J. Tie, X.X. Shen, Z.X. Liu, S.X. Ding, H. Han, Y.M. Wang, G.H. Ho, K.F. Qiang, J. Li, W.T. |
| description | Daily PM
2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na
+, NH
4
+, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+, Cl
−, NO
3
− and SO
4
2−) were collected in Xi'an (34.23°N, 108.88°E), China from March 2006 to March 2007. PM
2.5 was collected using battery-powered mini-volume samplers. And the ions were determined by ion chromatography from the measured aerosol mass. The annual average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was found to be 194.1
±
78.6
μg
m
−
3
, which exceeded substantially the international guidelines for health concerns. The seasonal average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was highest in winter (266.8
μg
m
−
3
) and lowest in summer (138.6
μg
m
−
3
). The three highest abundant ions were SO
4
2−, NO
3
−, and NH
4
+, with average concentrations of 35.6
±
19.5
μg
m
−
3
, 16.4
±
10.1
μg
m
−
3
, and 11.4
±
6.8
μg
m
−
3
, which were accounted for 18.7%, 8.0%, and 5.7% of the PM
2.5 mass, respectively. The major ions were in the species of (NH
4)
2SO
4, NH
4HSO
4 and NH
4NO
3, and their concentrations were highest in winter, due to high coal combustion. The concentrations of Ca
2+ were higher in spring than other seasons, due to the higher mineral dust concentrations. Ca
2+ was strongly correlated with CO
3
2−, which was calculated as the difference in the measured cations minus anions. Ion balance calculations indicate that the PM
2.5 was acidic, and this result is consistent with the measurement of pH values. Sulfur oxidation ratio was higher in summer and autumn, which implies that the formation of secondary sulfate-rich particles is favored by warm and relatively moist weather. Nitrogen oxidation ratio was highest in autumn.
► Coal combustion has heavy impact on the variations of water-soluble ions. ► PM
2.5 in non-spring was acidic, while the aerosol was less acidic and possibly even alkaline in spring due to the buffering effects of mineral dust. ► Relationship between CO
3
2- and Ca
2+ implies that Ca
2CO
3 was the major form for the aerosol carbonate. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_899165823</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S016980951100192X</els_id><sourcerecordid>1786165869</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-a35ad11ae7854e796aa919ade9ce311298d80e04709d88cced8cb379f9d03dbd3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkU-LFDEQxYMoOK5-BclF1oPdJt2ddOLJZfAfLHhQ0VuoSWrYDD3JmOpe8Nub3lk96qkO9XuvqPcYey5FK4XUrw8tzMdMBanthJSt0K2QwwO2kWbsm85Y9ZBtKmgbI6x6zJ4QHYQQSgx2w8J3mLE0lKdlNyGPORGPid85nm6wRM8BS6574kcEWgqGFfgRLyG94tubmOAN_1I3OcHEb6FEmO9cIAVOeSke6Sl7tIeJ8Nn9vGDf3r_7uv3YXH_-8Gl7dd141em5gV5BkBJwNGrA0WoAKy0EtB57KTtrghEohlHYYIz3GIzf9aPd2yD6sAv9Bbs8-55K_rkgze4YyeM0QcK8kDPWSq1M11fy5T9JORq9otpWVJ9RX2OoKe_dqcQjlF9OCrcW4A7uTwFuLcAJ7WoBVfji_gaQh2lfIPlIf9XdoJQdzMq9PXNYo7mNWBz5iKm-Fwv62YUc_3fqN4EsoLw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1786165869</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources</title><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Zhang, T. ; Cao, J.J. ; Tie, X.X. ; Shen, Z.X. ; Liu, S.X. ; Ding, H. ; Han, Y.M. ; Wang, G.H. ; Ho, K.F. ; Qiang, J. ; Li, W.T.</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhang, T. ; Cao, J.J. ; Tie, X.X. ; Shen, Z.X. ; Liu, S.X. ; Ding, H. ; Han, Y.M. ; Wang, G.H. ; Ho, K.F. ; Qiang, J. ; Li, W.T.</creatorcontrib><description>Daily PM
2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na
+, NH
4
+, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+, Cl
−, NO
3
− and SO
4
2−) were collected in Xi'an (34.23°N, 108.88°E), China from March 2006 to March 2007. PM
2.5 was collected using battery-powered mini-volume samplers. And the ions were determined by ion chromatography from the measured aerosol mass. The annual average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was found to be 194.1
±
78.6
μg
m
−
3
, which exceeded substantially the international guidelines for health concerns. The seasonal average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was highest in winter (266.8
μg
m
−
3
) and lowest in summer (138.6
μg
m
−
3
). The three highest abundant ions were SO
4
2−, NO
3
−, and NH
4
+, with average concentrations of 35.6
±
19.5
μg
m
−
3
, 16.4
±
10.1
μg
m
−
3
, and 11.4
±
6.8
μg
m
−
3
, which were accounted for 18.7%, 8.0%, and 5.7% of the PM
2.5 mass, respectively. The major ions were in the species of (NH
4)
2SO
4, NH
4HSO
4 and NH
4NO
3, and their concentrations were highest in winter, due to high coal combustion. The concentrations of Ca
2+ were higher in spring than other seasons, due to the higher mineral dust concentrations. Ca
2+ was strongly correlated with CO
3
2−, which was calculated as the difference in the measured cations minus anions. Ion balance calculations indicate that the PM
2.5 was acidic, and this result is consistent with the measurement of pH values. Sulfur oxidation ratio was higher in summer and autumn, which implies that the formation of secondary sulfate-rich particles is favored by warm and relatively moist weather. Nitrogen oxidation ratio was highest in autumn.
► Coal combustion has heavy impact on the variations of water-soluble ions. ► PM
2.5 in non-spring was acidic, while the aerosol was less acidic and possibly even alkaline in spring due to the buffering effects of mineral dust. ► Relationship between CO
3
2- and Ca
2+ implies that Ca
2CO
3 was the major form for the aerosol carbonate.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0169-8095</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2895</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ATREEW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Aerosols ; Atmospherics ; China ; Earth, ocean, space ; Exact sciences and technology ; External geophysics ; Meteorology ; Seasonal variation ; Seasonal variations ; Source ; Water-soluble ions ; Xi'an</subject><ispartof>Atmospheric research, 2011-10, Vol.102 (1), p.110-119</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-a35ad11ae7854e796aa919ade9ce311298d80e04709d88cced8cb379f9d03dbd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-a35ad11ae7854e796aa919ade9ce311298d80e04709d88cced8cb379f9d03dbd3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016980951100192X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24559484$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, J.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tie, X.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Z.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, S.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Y.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, G.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, K.F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qiang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, W.T.</creatorcontrib><title>Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources</title><title>Atmospheric research</title><description>Daily PM
2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na
+, NH
4
+, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+, Cl
−, NO
3
− and SO
4
2−) were collected in Xi'an (34.23°N, 108.88°E), China from March 2006 to March 2007. PM
2.5 was collected using battery-powered mini-volume samplers. And the ions were determined by ion chromatography from the measured aerosol mass. The annual average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was found to be 194.1
±
78.6
μg
m
−
3
, which exceeded substantially the international guidelines for health concerns. The seasonal average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was highest in winter (266.8
μg
m
−
3
) and lowest in summer (138.6
μg
m
−
3
). The three highest abundant ions were SO
4
2−, NO
3
−, and NH
4
+, with average concentrations of 35.6
±
19.5
μg
m
−
3
, 16.4
±
10.1
μg
m
−
3
, and 11.4
±
6.8
μg
m
−
3
, which were accounted for 18.7%, 8.0%, and 5.7% of the PM
2.5 mass, respectively. The major ions were in the species of (NH
4)
2SO
4, NH
4HSO
4 and NH
4NO
3, and their concentrations were highest in winter, due to high coal combustion. The concentrations of Ca
2+ were higher in spring than other seasons, due to the higher mineral dust concentrations. Ca
2+ was strongly correlated with CO
3
2−, which was calculated as the difference in the measured cations minus anions. Ion balance calculations indicate that the PM
2.5 was acidic, and this result is consistent with the measurement of pH values. Sulfur oxidation ratio was higher in summer and autumn, which implies that the formation of secondary sulfate-rich particles is favored by warm and relatively moist weather. Nitrogen oxidation ratio was highest in autumn.
► Coal combustion has heavy impact on the variations of water-soluble ions. ► PM
2.5 in non-spring was acidic, while the aerosol was less acidic and possibly even alkaline in spring due to the buffering effects of mineral dust. ► Relationship between CO
3
2- and Ca
2+ implies that Ca
2CO
3 was the major form for the aerosol carbonate.</description><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Atmospherics</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>External geophysics</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Seasonal variation</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Source</subject><subject>Water-soluble ions</subject><subject>Xi'an</subject><issn>0169-8095</issn><issn>1873-2895</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkU-LFDEQxYMoOK5-BclF1oPdJt2ddOLJZfAfLHhQ0VuoSWrYDD3JmOpe8Nub3lk96qkO9XuvqPcYey5FK4XUrw8tzMdMBanthJSt0K2QwwO2kWbsm85Y9ZBtKmgbI6x6zJ4QHYQQSgx2w8J3mLE0lKdlNyGPORGPid85nm6wRM8BS6574kcEWgqGFfgRLyG94tubmOAN_1I3OcHEb6FEmO9cIAVOeSke6Sl7tIeJ8Nn9vGDf3r_7uv3YXH_-8Gl7dd141em5gV5BkBJwNGrA0WoAKy0EtB57KTtrghEohlHYYIz3GIzf9aPd2yD6sAv9Bbs8-55K_rkgze4YyeM0QcK8kDPWSq1M11fy5T9JORq9otpWVJ9RX2OoKe_dqcQjlF9OCrcW4A7uTwFuLcAJ7WoBVfji_gaQh2lfIPlIf9XdoJQdzMq9PXNYo7mNWBz5iKm-Fwv62YUc_3fqN4EsoLw</recordid><startdate>20111001</startdate><enddate>20111001</enddate><creator>Zhang, T.</creator><creator>Cao, J.J.</creator><creator>Tie, X.X.</creator><creator>Shen, Z.X.</creator><creator>Liu, S.X.</creator><creator>Ding, H.</creator><creator>Han, Y.M.</creator><creator>Wang, G.H.</creator><creator>Ho, K.F.</creator><creator>Qiang, J.</creator><creator>Li, W.T.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20111001</creationdate><title>Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources</title><author>Zhang, T. ; Cao, J.J. ; Tie, X.X. ; Shen, Z.X. ; Liu, S.X. ; Ding, H. ; Han, Y.M. ; Wang, G.H. ; Ho, K.F. ; Qiang, J. ; Li, W.T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-a35ad11ae7854e796aa919ade9ce311298d80e04709d88cced8cb379f9d03dbd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Aerosols</topic><topic>Atmospherics</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Earth, ocean, space</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>External geophysics</topic><topic>Meteorology</topic><topic>Seasonal variation</topic><topic>Seasonal variations</topic><topic>Source</topic><topic>Water-soluble ions</topic><topic>Xi'an</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, J.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tie, X.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shen, Z.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, S.X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ding, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Y.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, G.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, K.F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qiang, J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, W.T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Atmospheric research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, T.</au><au>Cao, J.J.</au><au>Tie, X.X.</au><au>Shen, Z.X.</au><au>Liu, S.X.</au><au>Ding, H.</au><au>Han, Y.M.</au><au>Wang, G.H.</au><au>Ho, K.F.</au><au>Qiang, J.</au><au>Li, W.T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources</atitle><jtitle>Atmospheric research</jtitle><date>2011-10-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>110</spage><epage>119</epage><pages>110-119</pages><issn>0169-8095</issn><eissn>1873-2895</eissn><coden>ATREEW</coden><abstract>Daily PM
2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions (Na
+, NH
4
+, K
+, Mg
2+, Ca
2+, Cl
−, NO
3
− and SO
4
2−) were collected in Xi'an (34.23°N, 108.88°E), China from March 2006 to March 2007. PM
2.5 was collected using battery-powered mini-volume samplers. And the ions were determined by ion chromatography from the measured aerosol mass. The annual average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was found to be 194.1
±
78.6
μg
m
−
3
, which exceeded substantially the international guidelines for health concerns. The seasonal average mass concentration of PM
2.5 was highest in winter (266.8
μg
m
−
3
) and lowest in summer (138.6
μg
m
−
3
). The three highest abundant ions were SO
4
2−, NO
3
−, and NH
4
+, with average concentrations of 35.6
±
19.5
μg
m
−
3
, 16.4
±
10.1
μg
m
−
3
, and 11.4
±
6.8
μg
m
−
3
, which were accounted for 18.7%, 8.0%, and 5.7% of the PM
2.5 mass, respectively. The major ions were in the species of (NH
4)
2SO
4, NH
4HSO
4 and NH
4NO
3, and their concentrations were highest in winter, due to high coal combustion. The concentrations of Ca
2+ were higher in spring than other seasons, due to the higher mineral dust concentrations. Ca
2+ was strongly correlated with CO
3
2−, which was calculated as the difference in the measured cations minus anions. Ion balance calculations indicate that the PM
2.5 was acidic, and this result is consistent with the measurement of pH values. Sulfur oxidation ratio was higher in summer and autumn, which implies that the formation of secondary sulfate-rich particles is favored by warm and relatively moist weather. Nitrogen oxidation ratio was highest in autumn.
► Coal combustion has heavy impact on the variations of water-soluble ions. ► PM
2.5 in non-spring was acidic, while the aerosol was less acidic and possibly even alkaline in spring due to the buffering effects of mineral dust. ► Relationship between CO
3
2- and Ca
2+ implies that Ca
2CO
3 was the major form for the aerosol carbonate.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Aerosols Atmospherics China Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Meteorology Seasonal variation Seasonal variations Source Water-soluble ions Xi'an |
| title | Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources |
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