Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention
Study Type – Harm (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BJU international 2011-04, Vol.107 (8), p.1265-1272 |
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| creator | Afonso, Ana S.M. Verhamme, Katia M.C. Stricker, Bruno H.C. Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M. Brusselle, Guy G.O. |
| description | Study Type – Harm (case series)
Level of Evidence 4
What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever quantified.
Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR by 40%. The risk of AUR is highest in recent starters, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in patients receiving their anticholinergic drugs via nebulizer. It might be advisable to consider alternatives for inhaled anticholinergic drugs in COPD patients with BPH.
OBJECTIVE
•
To investigate the association between the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs and the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) under real‐life circumstances.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
•
We conducted a nested case‐control study within a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; as AUR has been associated with the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs, which are used as first‐line treatment for COPD) from the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database.
•
The cohort consisted of all patients with COPD aged ≥45 years, registered between 1996 and 2006, with ≥12 months of valid history. Cases were patients with a first diagnosis of AUR.
•
To each case, controls were selected matched for age, gender and index date.
•
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
RESULTS
•
Within the cohort of 22 579 patients with COPD, 209 cases were identified.
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs was associated with a 40% increase in risk for AUR (ORadj 1.40; 95% CI 0.99–1.98) compared with non‐users.
•
Among current users, the risk was highest for the recent starters (ORadj 3.11; 95% CI 1.21–7.98). The risk of long‐acting anticholinergic drug tiotropium was not substantially different from that of the short‐acting anticholinergic ipratropium.
•
The association was not dose‐dependent, but changed by mode of administration, with nebulizers having the highest risk (ORadj 2.92; 95% CI 1.17–7.31).
•
In men with COPD and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) the association was strongest (ORadj 4.67; 95% CI 1.56–14.0).
CONCLUSION
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR, especially in patients with BPH or if administered via a nebulizer. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09600.x |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_893299948</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>893299948</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5140-12ff4eb88bb1ddfd6145c1c172a2d924b219f51f3bd0a84091acee3dddc821ad3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkDtPwzAUhS0EolD4C8gLYkqwHSfYA0OpeBRVYqESm-X40bqkSbEb0f57HPpgxYuvzv2OfXQAgBilOJ7beYppQROK0UdKUFQRLxBK10fg7LA43s9x1wPnIcwRikKRn4IeQYwhzIszMBjVM1kZDWW9cmrWVK42fuoU1L6dhqhq6F34hI2FUrUrA1vvauk30JuViZamvgAnVlbBXO7uPpg8Pb4PX5Lx2_NoOBgnKscUJZhYS03JWFlira0uMM0VVviOSKI5oSXB3ObYZqVGksXQWCpjMq21YgRLnfXBzfbdpW--WhNWYuGCMlUla9O0QTCeEc45ZZFkW1L5JgRvrFh6t4ihBUai60_MRVeN6GoSXX_itz-xjtar3SdtuTD6YNwXFoHrHSCDkpX1slYu_HFd8AKRyN1vuW9Xmc2_A4iH10k3ZT_ARIxJ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>893299948</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Afonso, Ana S.M. ; Verhamme, Katia M.C. ; Stricker, Bruno H.C. ; Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M. ; Brusselle, Guy G.O.</creator><creatorcontrib>Afonso, Ana S.M. ; Verhamme, Katia M.C. ; Stricker, Bruno H.C. ; Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M. ; Brusselle, Guy G.O.</creatorcontrib><description>Study Type – Harm (case series)
Level of Evidence 4
What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever quantified.
Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR by 40%. The risk of AUR is highest in recent starters, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in patients receiving their anticholinergic drugs via nebulizer. It might be advisable to consider alternatives for inhaled anticholinergic drugs in COPD patients with BPH.
OBJECTIVE
•
To investigate the association between the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs and the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) under real‐life circumstances.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
•
We conducted a nested case‐control study within a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; as AUR has been associated with the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs, which are used as first‐line treatment for COPD) from the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database.
•
The cohort consisted of all patients with COPD aged ≥45 years, registered between 1996 and 2006, with ≥12 months of valid history. Cases were patients with a first diagnosis of AUR.
•
To each case, controls were selected matched for age, gender and index date.
•
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
RESULTS
•
Within the cohort of 22 579 patients with COPD, 209 cases were identified.
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs was associated with a 40% increase in risk for AUR (ORadj 1.40; 95% CI 0.99–1.98) compared with non‐users.
•
Among current users, the risk was highest for the recent starters (ORadj 3.11; 95% CI 1.21–7.98). The risk of long‐acting anticholinergic drug tiotropium was not substantially different from that of the short‐acting anticholinergic ipratropium.
•
The association was not dose‐dependent, but changed by mode of administration, with nebulizers having the highest risk (ORadj 2.92; 95% CI 1.17–7.31).
•
In men with COPD and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) the association was strongest (ORadj 4.67; 95% CI 1.56–14.0).
CONCLUSION
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR, especially in patients with BPH or if administered via a nebulizer.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1464-4096</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1464-410X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09600.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20880196</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Acute Disease ; acute urinary retention ; Administration, Inhalation ; Aged ; benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Biological and medical sciences ; case control study ; Cholinergic Antagonists - administration & dosage ; Cholinergic Antagonists - adverse effects ; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma ; cohort ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; inhaled anticholinergic drugs ; Ipratropium - administration & dosage ; Ipratropium - adverse effects ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases ; Netherlands - epidemiology ; Pneumology ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Scopolamine Derivatives - administration & dosage ; Scopolamine Derivatives - adverse effects ; Sex Factors ; Tiotropium Bromide ; Urinary Retention - chemically induced ; Urinary Retention - epidemiology ; Urinary Retention - physiopathology ; Urinary system involvement in other diseases. Miscellaneous ; Urinary tract. Prostate gland ; Urination - drug effects</subject><ispartof>BJU international, 2011-04, Vol.107 (8), p.1265-1272</ispartof><rights>2010 THE AUTHORS. JOURNAL COMPILATION © 2010 BJU INTERNATIONAL</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5140-12ff4eb88bb1ddfd6145c1c172a2d924b219f51f3bd0a84091acee3dddc821ad3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5140-12ff4eb88bb1ddfd6145c1c172a2d924b219f51f3bd0a84091acee3dddc821ad3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2010.09600.x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2010.09600.x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24091602$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20880196$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Afonso, Ana S.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhamme, Katia M.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stricker, Bruno H.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brusselle, Guy G.O.</creatorcontrib><title>Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention</title><title>BJU international</title><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><description>Study Type – Harm (case series)
Level of Evidence 4
What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever quantified.
Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR by 40%. The risk of AUR is highest in recent starters, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in patients receiving their anticholinergic drugs via nebulizer. It might be advisable to consider alternatives for inhaled anticholinergic drugs in COPD patients with BPH.
OBJECTIVE
•
To investigate the association between the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs and the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) under real‐life circumstances.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
•
We conducted a nested case‐control study within a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; as AUR has been associated with the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs, which are used as first‐line treatment for COPD) from the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database.
•
The cohort consisted of all patients with COPD aged ≥45 years, registered between 1996 and 2006, with ≥12 months of valid history. Cases were patients with a first diagnosis of AUR.
•
To each case, controls were selected matched for age, gender and index date.
•
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
RESULTS
•
Within the cohort of 22 579 patients with COPD, 209 cases were identified.
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs was associated with a 40% increase in risk for AUR (ORadj 1.40; 95% CI 0.99–1.98) compared with non‐users.
•
Among current users, the risk was highest for the recent starters (ORadj 3.11; 95% CI 1.21–7.98). The risk of long‐acting anticholinergic drug tiotropium was not substantially different from that of the short‐acting anticholinergic ipratropium.
•
The association was not dose‐dependent, but changed by mode of administration, with nebulizers having the highest risk (ORadj 2.92; 95% CI 1.17–7.31).
•
In men with COPD and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) the association was strongest (ORadj 4.67; 95% CI 1.56–14.0).
CONCLUSION
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR, especially in patients with BPH or if administered via a nebulizer.</description><subject>Acute Disease</subject><subject>acute urinary retention</subject><subject>Administration, Inhalation</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>benign prostatic hyperplasia</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>case control study</subject><subject>Cholinergic Antagonists - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Cholinergic Antagonists - adverse effects</subject><subject>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</subject><subject>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma</subject><subject>cohort</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>inhaled anticholinergic drugs</subject><subject>Ipratropium - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Ipratropium - adverse effects</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nebulizers and Vaporizers</subject><subject>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</subject><subject>Netherlands - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pneumology</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Scopolamine Derivatives - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Scopolamine Derivatives - adverse effects</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Tiotropium Bromide</subject><subject>Urinary Retention - chemically induced</subject><subject>Urinary Retention - epidemiology</subject><subject>Urinary Retention - physiopathology</subject><subject>Urinary system involvement in other diseases. Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Urinary tract. Prostate gland</subject><subject>Urination - drug effects</subject><issn>1464-4096</issn><issn>1464-410X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkDtPwzAUhS0EolD4C8gLYkqwHSfYA0OpeBRVYqESm-X40bqkSbEb0f57HPpgxYuvzv2OfXQAgBilOJ7beYppQROK0UdKUFQRLxBK10fg7LA43s9x1wPnIcwRikKRn4IeQYwhzIszMBjVM1kZDWW9cmrWVK42fuoU1L6dhqhq6F34hI2FUrUrA1vvauk30JuViZamvgAnVlbBXO7uPpg8Pb4PX5Lx2_NoOBgnKscUJZhYS03JWFlira0uMM0VVviOSKI5oSXB3ObYZqVGksXQWCpjMq21YgRLnfXBzfbdpW--WhNWYuGCMlUla9O0QTCeEc45ZZFkW1L5JgRvrFh6t4ihBUai60_MRVeN6GoSXX_itz-xjtar3SdtuTD6YNwXFoHrHSCDkpX1slYu_HFd8AKRyN1vuW9Xmc2_A4iH10k3ZT_ARIxJ</recordid><startdate>201104</startdate><enddate>201104</enddate><creator>Afonso, Ana S.M.</creator><creator>Verhamme, Katia M.C.</creator><creator>Stricker, Bruno H.C.</creator><creator>Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M.</creator><creator>Brusselle, Guy G.O.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley-Blackwell</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201104</creationdate><title>Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention</title><author>Afonso, Ana S.M. ; Verhamme, Katia M.C. ; Stricker, Bruno H.C. ; Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M. ; Brusselle, Guy G.O.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5140-12ff4eb88bb1ddfd6145c1c172a2d924b219f51f3bd0a84091acee3dddc821ad3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Acute Disease</topic><topic>acute urinary retention</topic><topic>Administration, Inhalation</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>benign prostatic hyperplasia</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>case control study</topic><topic>Cholinergic Antagonists - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Cholinergic Antagonists - adverse effects</topic><topic>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</topic><topic>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma</topic><topic>cohort</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>inhaled anticholinergic drugs</topic><topic>Ipratropium - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Ipratropium - adverse effects</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nebulizers and Vaporizers</topic><topic>Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases</topic><topic>Netherlands - epidemiology</topic><topic>Pneumology</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Scopolamine Derivatives - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Scopolamine Derivatives - adverse effects</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Tiotropium Bromide</topic><topic>Urinary Retention - chemically induced</topic><topic>Urinary Retention - epidemiology</topic><topic>Urinary Retention - physiopathology</topic><topic>Urinary system involvement in other diseases. Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Urinary tract. Prostate gland</topic><topic>Urination - drug effects</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Afonso, Ana S.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhamme, Katia M.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stricker, Bruno H.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brusselle, Guy G.O.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Afonso, Ana S.M.</au><au>Verhamme, Katia M.C.</au><au>Stricker, Bruno H.C.</au><au>Sturkenboom, Miriam C.J.M.</au><au>Brusselle, Guy G.O.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention</atitle><jtitle>BJU international</jtitle><addtitle>BJU Int</addtitle><date>2011-04</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>107</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1265</spage><epage>1272</epage><pages>1265-1272</pages><issn>1464-4096</issn><eissn>1464-410X</eissn><abstract>Study Type – Harm (case series)
Level of Evidence 4
What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?
Inhaled anticholinergic drugs have been associated with the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR), but this association was never studied under real life circumstances nor was this risk ever quantified.
Use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR by 40%. The risk of AUR is highest in recent starters, in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and in patients receiving their anticholinergic drugs via nebulizer. It might be advisable to consider alternatives for inhaled anticholinergic drugs in COPD patients with BPH.
OBJECTIVE
•
To investigate the association between the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs and the risk of acute urinary retention (AUR) under real‐life circumstances.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
•
We conducted a nested case‐control study within a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; as AUR has been associated with the use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs, which are used as first‐line treatment for COPD) from the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database.
•
The cohort consisted of all patients with COPD aged ≥45 years, registered between 1996 and 2006, with ≥12 months of valid history. Cases were patients with a first diagnosis of AUR.
•
To each case, controls were selected matched for age, gender and index date.
•
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
RESULTS
•
Within the cohort of 22 579 patients with COPD, 209 cases were identified.
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs was associated with a 40% increase in risk for AUR (ORadj 1.40; 95% CI 0.99–1.98) compared with non‐users.
•
Among current users, the risk was highest for the recent starters (ORadj 3.11; 95% CI 1.21–7.98). The risk of long‐acting anticholinergic drug tiotropium was not substantially different from that of the short‐acting anticholinergic ipratropium.
•
The association was not dose‐dependent, but changed by mode of administration, with nebulizers having the highest risk (ORadj 2.92; 95% CI 1.17–7.31).
•
In men with COPD and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) the association was strongest (ORadj 4.67; 95% CI 1.56–14.0).
CONCLUSION
•
Current use of inhaled anticholinergic drugs increases the risk of AUR, especially in patients with BPH or if administered via a nebulizer.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>20880196</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09600.x</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1464-4096 |
| ispartof | BJU international, 2011-04, Vol.107 (8), p.1265-1272 |
| issn | 1464-4096 1464-410X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_893299948 |
| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Acute Disease acute urinary retention Administration, Inhalation Aged benign prostatic hyperplasia Biological and medical sciences case control study Cholinergic Antagonists - administration & dosage Cholinergic Antagonists - adverse effects chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma cohort Female Follow-Up Studies Humans inhaled anticholinergic drugs Ipratropium - administration & dosage Ipratropium - adverse effects Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Nebulizers and Vaporizers Nephrology. Urinary tract diseases Netherlands - epidemiology Pneumology Prevalence Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - drug therapy Retrospective Studies Risk Factors Scopolamine Derivatives - administration & dosage Scopolamine Derivatives - adverse effects Sex Factors Tiotropium Bromide Urinary Retention - chemically induced Urinary Retention - epidemiology Urinary Retention - physiopathology Urinary system involvement in other diseases. Miscellaneous Urinary tract. Prostate gland Urination - drug effects |
| title | Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention |
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