Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries

Abstract BACKGROUND: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, its predictive value remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive reliability of an increase in the mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) ratio...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Neurosurgery 2011-10, Vol.69 (4), p.876-883
Hauptverfasser: Nakae, Ryuta, Yokota, Hiroyuki, Yoshida, Daizo, Teramoto, Akira
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 883
container_issue 4
container_start_page 876
container_title Neurosurgery
container_volume 69
creator Nakae, Ryuta
Yokota, Hiroyuki
Yoshida, Daizo
Teramoto, Akira
description Abstract BACKGROUND: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, its predictive value remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive reliability of an increase in the mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral middle cerebral arteries (I/C mBFV) compared with the conventional absolute flow velocity. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients with SAH admitted from July 2003 to August 2009 who underwent TCD ultrasonography. The highest mBFV value in bilateral middle cerebral arteries was recorded, while delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as neurological deficits or computed tomographic evidence of cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm. The ipsilateral side was defined as the side with higher mBFV value when evaluating the I/C mBFV. We thus elucidated the reliability of this rate in comparison with the conventional method for predicting DCI with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients were retrospectively analyzed with specific data from 1262 TCD studies. The ROC curve showed that the overall predictive value for DCI had an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.96) when the I/C mBFV was used vs 0.80 (0.71-0.88) when the absolute flow velocity was used. The threshold value that best discriminated between patients with and without DCI was I/C mBFV of 1.5. CONCLUSION: In patients with SAH, the I/C mBFV demonstrated a more significant correlation to vasospasm than the absolute mean flow velocity.
doi_str_mv 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_888341178</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c</oup_id><sourcerecordid>888341178</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-a23647e13f656d148709c9bae61a446db5b9b1dbd67129047aabb578f7c9fde33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkV9rFDEUxQdR7Fr9BiIBEZ-2TTKZSca3ddvaQqug3eLbcPNndlMyyZjMIPsp_Upm2a2FPvmSwM3vnBzuKYq3BJ8QSvnp1_PVCZaYlKYkglKqFVPPihmpKJszzPDzYoYJE_OyqX8eFa9SuseY1IyLl8URJVUlGl7Pij-3EXxS-bDg0FkYBmciWrkxQgo-rCMMmy3qQkRnFtY-JJtQ6NDSRCNjVtxlLA2QerToxqxceDPFberz049JQgS18cFqdGn6EOMG1uYTujHg0WcXgkYXLvxGd8YFZcct-g6jDTv7cWPQ1ZCsg-yZrcBrtAw-h3qY3FitnXnMsYh5bk16XbzowCXz5nAfF6uL89vl5fz625er5eJ6rhjH4xxomVdhSNnVVa3zmjhuVCPB1AQYq7WsZCOJlrrmhDaYcQApKy46rppOm7I8Lj7ufYcYfk0mjW1vkzLOgTdhSq0QomSEcJHJ90_I-zBFn8O1tKxqwStK6kyxPaViSCmarh2i7SFuW4LbXd9t7rt92neWvTuYT7I3-p_ooeAMfDgAkBS4LhetbHrkWMUaLnYpT_dcmIb_-_ovfLHHkg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2356875216</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Journals@Ovid Complete</source><creator>Nakae, Ryuta ; Yokota, Hiroyuki ; Yoshida, Daizo ; Teramoto, Akira</creator><creatorcontrib>Nakae, Ryuta ; Yokota, Hiroyuki ; Yoshida, Daizo ; Teramoto, Akira</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract BACKGROUND: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, its predictive value remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive reliability of an increase in the mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral middle cerebral arteries (I/C mBFV) compared with the conventional absolute flow velocity. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients with SAH admitted from July 2003 to August 2009 who underwent TCD ultrasonography. The highest mBFV value in bilateral middle cerebral arteries was recorded, while delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as neurological deficits or computed tomographic evidence of cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm. The ipsilateral side was defined as the side with higher mBFV value when evaluating the I/C mBFV. We thus elucidated the reliability of this rate in comparison with the conventional method for predicting DCI with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients were retrospectively analyzed with specific data from 1262 TCD studies. The ROC curve showed that the overall predictive value for DCI had an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.96) when the I/C mBFV was used vs 0.80 (0.71-0.88) when the absolute flow velocity was used. The threshold value that best discriminated between patients with and without DCI was I/C mBFV of 1.5. CONCLUSION: In patients with SAH, the I/C mBFV demonstrated a more significant correlation to vasospasm than the absolute mean flow velocity.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0148-396X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1524-4040</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21558976</identifier><identifier>CODEN: NRSRDY</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hagerstown, MD: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aneurysms ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology ; Female ; Flow velocity ; Functional Laterality - physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Medical diagnosis ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging ; Neurosurgery ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Stroke ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - complications ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - diagnostic imaging ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - physiopathology ; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ; Vasospasm, Intracranial - diagnostic imaging ; Vasospasm, Intracranial - etiology ; Vasospasm, Intracranial - physiopathology ; Veins &amp; arteries</subject><ispartof>Neurosurgery, 2011-10, Vol.69 (4), p.876-883</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2011 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-a23647e13f656d148709c9bae61a446db5b9b1dbd67129047aabb578f7c9fde33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-a23647e13f656d148709c9bae61a446db5b9b1dbd67129047aabb578f7c9fde33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=24549788$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558976$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nakae, Ryuta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yokota, Hiroyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshida, Daizo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Teramoto, Akira</creatorcontrib><title>Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries</title><title>Neurosurgery</title><addtitle>Neurosurgery</addtitle><description>Abstract BACKGROUND: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, its predictive value remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive reliability of an increase in the mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral middle cerebral arteries (I/C mBFV) compared with the conventional absolute flow velocity. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients with SAH admitted from July 2003 to August 2009 who underwent TCD ultrasonography. The highest mBFV value in bilateral middle cerebral arteries was recorded, while delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as neurological deficits or computed tomographic evidence of cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm. The ipsilateral side was defined as the side with higher mBFV value when evaluating the I/C mBFV. We thus elucidated the reliability of this rate in comparison with the conventional method for predicting DCI with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients were retrospectively analyzed with specific data from 1262 TCD studies. The ROC curve showed that the overall predictive value for DCI had an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.96) when the I/C mBFV was used vs 0.80 (0.71-0.88) when the absolute flow velocity was used. The threshold value that best discriminated between patients with and without DCI was I/C mBFV of 1.5. CONCLUSION: In patients with SAH, the I/C mBFV demonstrated a more significant correlation to vasospasm than the absolute mean flow velocity.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aneurysms</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood Flow Velocity</subject><subject>Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Flow velocity</subject><subject>Functional Laterality - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Neurosurgery</subject><subject>Predictive Value of Tests</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>ROC Curve</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - complications</subject><subject>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - physiopathology</subject><subject>Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial</subject><subject>Vasospasm, Intracranial - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Vasospasm, Intracranial - etiology</subject><subject>Vasospasm, Intracranial - physiopathology</subject><subject>Veins &amp; arteries</subject><issn>0148-396X</issn><issn>1524-4040</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkV9rFDEUxQdR7Fr9BiIBEZ-2TTKZSca3ddvaQqug3eLbcPNndlMyyZjMIPsp_Upm2a2FPvmSwM3vnBzuKYq3BJ8QSvnp1_PVCZaYlKYkglKqFVPPihmpKJszzPDzYoYJE_OyqX8eFa9SuseY1IyLl8URJVUlGl7Pij-3EXxS-bDg0FkYBmciWrkxQgo-rCMMmy3qQkRnFtY-JJtQ6NDSRCNjVtxlLA2QerToxqxceDPFberz049JQgS18cFqdGn6EOMG1uYTujHg0WcXgkYXLvxGd8YFZcct-g6jDTv7cWPQ1ZCsg-yZrcBrtAw-h3qY3FitnXnMsYh5bk16XbzowCXz5nAfF6uL89vl5fz625er5eJ6rhjH4xxomVdhSNnVVa3zmjhuVCPB1AQYq7WsZCOJlrrmhDaYcQApKy46rppOm7I8Lj7ufYcYfk0mjW1vkzLOgTdhSq0QomSEcJHJ90_I-zBFn8O1tKxqwStK6kyxPaViSCmarh2i7SFuW4LbXd9t7rt92neWvTuYT7I3-p_ooeAMfDgAkBS4LhetbHrkWMUaLnYpT_dcmIb_-_ovfLHHkg</recordid><startdate>20111001</startdate><enddate>20111001</enddate><creator>Nakae, Ryuta</creator><creator>Yokota, Hiroyuki</creator><creator>Yoshida, Daizo</creator><creator>Teramoto, Akira</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins</general><general>Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20111001</creationdate><title>Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries</title><author>Nakae, Ryuta ; Yokota, Hiroyuki ; Yoshida, Daizo ; Teramoto, Akira</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c470t-a23647e13f656d148709c9bae61a446db5b9b1dbd67129047aabb578f7c9fde33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aneurysms</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood Flow Velocity</topic><topic>Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Flow velocity</topic><topic>Functional Laterality - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical diagnosis</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Neurosurgery</topic><topic>Predictive Value of Tests</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>ROC Curve</topic><topic>Stroke</topic><topic>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - complications</topic><topic>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - physiopathology</topic><topic>Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial</topic><topic>Vasospasm, Intracranial - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Vasospasm, Intracranial - etiology</topic><topic>Vasospasm, Intracranial - physiopathology</topic><topic>Veins &amp; arteries</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Nakae, Ryuta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yokota, Hiroyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshida, Daizo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Teramoto, Akira</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Neurosurgery</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nakae, Ryuta</au><au>Yokota, Hiroyuki</au><au>Yoshida, Daizo</au><au>Teramoto, Akira</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries</atitle><jtitle>Neurosurgery</jtitle><addtitle>Neurosurgery</addtitle><date>2011-10-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>69</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>876</spage><epage>883</epage><pages>876-883</pages><issn>0148-396X</issn><eissn>1524-4040</eissn><coden>NRSRDY</coden><abstract>Abstract BACKGROUND: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is widely accepted to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, its predictive value remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive reliability of an increase in the mean blood flow velocity (mBFV) ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral middle cerebral arteries (I/C mBFV) compared with the conventional absolute flow velocity. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients with SAH admitted from July 2003 to August 2009 who underwent TCD ultrasonography. The highest mBFV value in bilateral middle cerebral arteries was recorded, while delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as neurological deficits or computed tomographic evidence of cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm. The ipsilateral side was defined as the side with higher mBFV value when evaluating the I/C mBFV. We thus elucidated the reliability of this rate in comparison with the conventional method for predicting DCI with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients were retrospectively analyzed with specific data from 1262 TCD studies. The ROC curve showed that the overall predictive value for DCI had an area under the curve of 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.96) when the I/C mBFV was used vs 0.80 (0.71-0.88) when the absolute flow velocity was used. The threshold value that best discriminated between patients with and without DCI was I/C mBFV of 1.5. CONCLUSION: In patients with SAH, the I/C mBFV demonstrated a more significant correlation to vasospasm than the absolute mean flow velocity.</abstract><cop>Hagerstown, MD</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>21558976</pmid><doi>10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0148-396X
ispartof Neurosurgery, 2011-10, Vol.69 (4), p.876-883
issn 0148-396X
1524-4040
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_888341178
source MEDLINE; Journals@Ovid Complete
subjects Aged
Aneurysms
Biological and medical sciences
Blood Flow Velocity
Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology
Female
Flow velocity
Functional Laterality - physiology
Humans
Male
Medical diagnosis
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
Middle Cerebral Artery - diagnostic imaging
Neurosurgery
Predictive Value of Tests
Retrospective Studies
ROC Curve
Stroke
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - complications
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - diagnostic imaging
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - physiopathology
Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
Vasospasm, Intracranial - diagnostic imaging
Vasospasm, Intracranial - etiology
Vasospasm, Intracranial - physiopathology
Veins & arteries
title Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Mean Blood Flow Velocity Ratio of the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Middle Cerebral Arteries
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-10T19%3A50%3A16IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transcranial%20Doppler%20Ultrasonography%20for%20Diagnosis%20of%20Cerebral%20Vasospasm%20After%20Aneurysmal%20Subarachnoid%20Hemorrhage:%20Mean%20Blood%20Flow%20Velocity%20Ratio%20of%20the%20Ipsilateral%20and%20Contralateral%20Middle%20Cerebral%20Arteries&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgery&rft.au=Nakae,%20Ryuta&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=876&rft.epage=883&rft.pages=876-883&rft.issn=0148-396X&rft.eissn=1524-4040&rft.coden=NRSRDY&rft_id=info:doi/10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E888341178%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2356875216&rft_id=info:pmid/21558976&rft_oup_id=10.1227/NEU.0b013e318222dc4c&rfr_iscdi=true