Bone cell elasticity and morphology changes during the cell cycle

Abstract The mechanical properties of cells are reported to be regulated by a range of factors including interactions with the extracellular environment and other cells, differentiation status, the onset of pathological states, as well as the intracellular factors, for example, the cytoskeleton. The cell cycle is considered to be a well-ordered sequence of biochemical events. A number of processes reported to occur during its progression are inherently mechanical and, as such, require mechanical regulation. In spite of this, few attempts have been made to investigate the putative regulatory role of the cell cycle in mechanobiology. In the present study, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the elastic modulus of synchronised osteoblasts. The data obtained confirm that osteoblast elasticity is regulated by cell cycle phase; specifically, cells in S phase were found to have a modulus approximately 1.7 times that of G1 phase cells. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that aspects of osteoblast morphology, namely F-actin expression, were also modulated by the cell cycle, and tended to increase with phase progression from G0 onwards. The data obtained in this study are likely to have implications for the fields of tissue- and bio-engineering, where prior knowledge of cell mechanobiology is essential for the effective replacement and repair of tissue. Furthermore, studies focused on biomechanics and the biophysical properties of cells are important in the understanding of the onset and progression of disease states, for example cancer at the cellular level. Our study demonstrates the importance of the combined use of traditional and relatively novel microscopy techniques in understanding mechanical regulation by crucial cellular processes, such as the cell cycle.