Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos
Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM 2.5) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM 2.5 from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM 2.5, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocar...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental research 2011-05, Vol.111 (4), p.473-484 |
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| creator | Repace, James L. Jiang, Ruo-Ting Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana Cheng, Kai-Chung Klepeis, Neil E. Ott, Wayne R. Hildemann, Lynn M. |
| description | Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM
2.5) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM
2.5 from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM
2.5, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO
2) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM
2.5 frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM
2.5 were 53.8
μg/m
3 (range 18.5–205
μg/m
3) inside smoking casinos, 4.3
μg/m
3 (range 0.26–29.7
μg/m
3) outside those casinos, and 3.1
μg/m
3 (range 0.6–9
μg/m
3) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM
2.5 in gaming areas averaged 45.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 37.7–52.7
μg/m
3); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 17.5–36.9
μg/m
3), while PM
2.5 outside the casinos averaged 3.9
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 2.5–5.3
μg/m
3). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor–outdoor) PM
2.5 was correlated with incremental PPAH (
R
2=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (
R
2=0.73), and with smoker density (
R
2=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (
R
2=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM
2.5 (
n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (
n=2). Incremental PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2
h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM
2.5. Drifting PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM
2.5 to the same low levels found outdoors.
► PM
2.5 air pollution levels exceeded World Health Organization standards in 93% of the 66 smoking casinos. ► Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke. ► Secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas like casino restaurants. ► Smoke-free casinos reduced fine particle air pollution to outdoor levels. ► Secondhand smoke in cas |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.007 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_876227571</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0013935111000624</els_id><sourcerecordid>1660045686</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c522t-b1da8b662e61798c1227a7363a198b215195c0de7f32d37e6680872952a2c18c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkcGOFCEQhonRuOPoGxjDxeilxypooPtiYjaummziQffgiTB0TWS2B1ro3ujby-6MeltPFOH7q0h9jD1H2CCgfrPfULzJVDYCEDcgNgDmAVsh9LqBXsmHbAWAsumlwjP2pJR9vaKS8JidCWxbEEqu2LeLEIlPLs_Bj8RdyHxK47jMIUXu4sAL-RSH73flIV0Tp59TKksdfPecQ7kuPMQSBuJa86sv3LsSYipP2aOdGws9O51rdnXx_uv5x-by84dP5-8uG6-EmJstDq7bai1Io-k7j0IYZ6SWDvtuK1BhrzwMZHZSDNKQ1h10RvRKOOGx83LNXh37Tjn9WKjM9hCKp3F0kdJSbGd0bakM_p_UspUCjKnk63tJ1BqgVbom1qw9oj6nUjLt7JTDweVfFsHeirJ7exRlb0VZELaKqrEXpwnL9kDD39AfMxV4eQJc8W7cZRd9KP-4FgX2CJV7e-So7vgmULbFB4qehpDJz3ZI4f6f_AaPlbCx</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1660045686</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier)</source><creator>Repace, James L. ; Jiang, Ruo-Ting ; Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana ; Cheng, Kai-Chung ; Klepeis, Neil E. ; Ott, Wayne R. ; Hildemann, Lynn M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Repace, James L. ; Jiang, Ruo-Ting ; Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana ; Cheng, Kai-Chung ; Klepeis, Neil E. ; Ott, Wayne R. ; Hildemann, Lynn M.</creatorcontrib><description>Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM
2.5) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM
2.5 from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM
2.5, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO
2) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM
2.5 frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM
2.5 were 53.8
μg/m
3 (range 18.5–205
μg/m
3) inside smoking casinos, 4.3
μg/m
3 (range 0.26–29.7
μg/m
3) outside those casinos, and 3.1
μg/m
3 (range 0.6–9
μg/m
3) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM
2.5 in gaming areas averaged 45.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 37.7–52.7
μg/m
3); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 17.5–36.9
μg/m
3), while PM
2.5 outside the casinos averaged 3.9
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 2.5–5.3
μg/m
3). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor–outdoor) PM
2.5 was correlated with incremental PPAH (
R
2=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (
R
2=0.73), and with smoker density (
R
2=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (
R
2=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM
2.5 (
n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (
n=2). Incremental PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2
h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM
2.5. Drifting PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM
2.5 to the same low levels found outdoors.
► PM
2.5 air pollution levels exceeded World Health Organization standards in 93% of the 66 smoking casinos. ► Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke. ► Secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas like casino restaurants. ► Smoke-free casinos reduced fine particle air pollution to outdoor levels. ► Secondhand smoke in casinos creates an acute risk of cardiovascular morbidity for casino patrons.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-9351</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0953</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.007</identifier><identifier>PMID: 21440253</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ENVRAL</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Air ; Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data ; Biological and medical sciences ; Casino ; Casinos ; Density ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental pollutants toxicology ; Environmental tobacco smoke ; Exposure ; Humans ; Indoor air pollution ; Inhalation Exposure - statistics & numerical data ; Medical sciences ; Outdoor ; PAH ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - analysis ; PM 2.5 ; Real-time monitoring ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; Secondhand smoke ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking activity ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution - statistics & numerical data ; Tobacco, tobacco smoking ; Toxicology ; United States ; Ventilation ; Ventilation - statistics & numerical data</subject><ispartof>Environmental research, 2011-05, Vol.111 (4), p.473-484</ispartof><rights>2011 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c522t-b1da8b662e61798c1227a7363a198b215195c0de7f32d37e6680872952a2c18c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c522t-b1da8b662e61798c1227a7363a198b215195c0de7f32d37e6680872952a2c18c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.007$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24121910$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21440253$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Repace, James L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiang, Ruo-Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Kai-Chung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klepeis, Neil E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ott, Wayne R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hildemann, Lynn M.</creatorcontrib><title>Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos</title><title>Environmental research</title><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><description>Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM
2.5) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM
2.5 from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM
2.5, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO
2) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM
2.5 frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM
2.5 were 53.8
μg/m
3 (range 18.5–205
μg/m
3) inside smoking casinos, 4.3
μg/m
3 (range 0.26–29.7
μg/m
3) outside those casinos, and 3.1
μg/m
3 (range 0.6–9
μg/m
3) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM
2.5 in gaming areas averaged 45.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 37.7–52.7
μg/m
3); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 17.5–36.9
μg/m
3), while PM
2.5 outside the casinos averaged 3.9
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 2.5–5.3
μg/m
3). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor–outdoor) PM
2.5 was correlated with incremental PPAH (
R
2=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (
R
2=0.73), and with smoker density (
R
2=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (
R
2=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM
2.5 (
n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (
n=2). Incremental PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2
h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM
2.5. Drifting PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM
2.5 to the same low levels found outdoors.
► PM
2.5 air pollution levels exceeded World Health Organization standards in 93% of the 66 smoking casinos. ► Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke. ► Secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas like casino restaurants. ► Smoke-free casinos reduced fine particle air pollution to outdoor levels. ► Secondhand smoke in casinos creates an acute risk of cardiovascular morbidity for casino patrons.</description><subject>Air</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Casino</subject><subject>Casinos</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental pollutants toxicology</subject><subject>Environmental tobacco smoke</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Indoor air pollution</subject><subject>Inhalation Exposure - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Outdoor</subject><subject>PAH</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - analysis</subject><subject>PM 2.5</subject><subject>Real-time monitoring</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Secondhand smoke</subject><subject>Smoke</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking activity</subject><subject>Tobacco Smoke Pollution - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Tobacco, tobacco smoking</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Ventilation</subject><subject>Ventilation - statistics & numerical data</subject><issn>0013-9351</issn><issn>1096-0953</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkcGOFCEQhonRuOPoGxjDxeilxypooPtiYjaummziQffgiTB0TWS2B1ro3ujby-6MeltPFOH7q0h9jD1H2CCgfrPfULzJVDYCEDcgNgDmAVsh9LqBXsmHbAWAsumlwjP2pJR9vaKS8JidCWxbEEqu2LeLEIlPLs_Bj8RdyHxK47jMIUXu4sAL-RSH73flIV0Tp59TKksdfPecQ7kuPMQSBuJa86sv3LsSYipP2aOdGws9O51rdnXx_uv5x-by84dP5-8uG6-EmJstDq7bai1Io-k7j0IYZ6SWDvtuK1BhrzwMZHZSDNKQ1h10RvRKOOGx83LNXh37Tjn9WKjM9hCKp3F0kdJSbGd0bakM_p_UspUCjKnk63tJ1BqgVbom1qw9oj6nUjLt7JTDweVfFsHeirJ7exRlb0VZELaKqrEXpwnL9kDD39AfMxV4eQJc8W7cZRd9KP-4FgX2CJV7e-So7vgmULbFB4qehpDJz3ZI4f6f_AaPlbCx</recordid><startdate>20110501</startdate><enddate>20110501</enddate><creator>Repace, James L.</creator><creator>Jiang, Ruo-Ting</creator><creator>Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana</creator><creator>Cheng, Kai-Chung</creator><creator>Klepeis, Neil E.</creator><creator>Ott, Wayne R.</creator><creator>Hildemann, Lynn M.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SU</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20110501</creationdate><title>Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos</title><author>Repace, James L. ; Jiang, Ruo-Ting ; Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana ; Cheng, Kai-Chung ; Klepeis, Neil E. ; Ott, Wayne R. ; Hildemann, Lynn M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c522t-b1da8b662e61798c1227a7363a198b215195c0de7f32d37e6680872952a2c18c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Air</topic><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Casino</topic><topic>Casinos</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental pollutants toxicology</topic><topic>Environmental tobacco smoke</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Indoor air pollution</topic><topic>Inhalation Exposure - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Outdoor</topic><topic>PAH</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - analysis</topic><topic>PM 2.5</topic><topic>Real-time monitoring</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Secondhand smoke</topic><topic>Smoke</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Smoking activity</topic><topic>Tobacco Smoke Pollution - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Tobacco, tobacco smoking</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>United States</topic><topic>Ventilation</topic><topic>Ventilation - statistics & numerical data</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Repace, James L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiang, Ruo-Ting</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Kai-Chung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klepeis, Neil E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ott, Wayne R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hildemann, Lynn M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environmental Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Repace, James L.</au><au>Jiang, Ruo-Ting</au><au>Acevedo-Bolton, Viviana</au><au>Cheng, Kai-Chung</au><au>Klepeis, Neil E.</au><au>Ott, Wayne R.</au><au>Hildemann, Lynn M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos</atitle><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><date>2011-05-01</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>111</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>473</spage><epage>484</epage><pages>473-484</pages><issn>0013-9351</issn><eissn>1096-0953</eissn><coden>ENVRAL</coden><abstract>Smoking bans often exempt casinos, exposing occupants to fine particles (PM
2.5) from secondhand smoke. We quantified the relative contributions to PM
2.5 from both secondhand smoke and infiltrating outdoor sources in US casinos. We measured real-time PM
2.5, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), and carbon dioxide (CO
2) (as an index of ventilation rate) inside and outside 8 casinos in Reno, Nevada. We combined these data with data from previous studies, yielding a total of 66 US casinos with smoking in California, Delaware, Nevada, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, developing PM
2.5 frequency distributions, with 3 nonsmoking casinos for comparison. Geometric means for PM
2.5 were 53.8
μg/m
3 (range 18.5–205
μg/m
3) inside smoking casinos, 4.3
μg/m
3 (range 0.26–29.7
μg/m
3) outside those casinos, and 3.1
μg/m
3 (range 0.6–9
μg/m
3) inside 3 nonsmoking casinos. In a subset of 21 Reno and Las Vegas smoking casinos, PM
2.5 in gaming areas averaged 45.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 37.7–52.7
μg/m
3); adjacent nonsmoking casino restaurants averaged 27.2
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 17.5–36.9
μg/m
3), while PM
2.5 outside the casinos averaged 3.9
μg/m
3 (95% CI, 2.5–5.3
μg/m
3). For a subset of 10 Nevada and Pennsylvania smoking casinos, incremental (indoor–outdoor) PM
2.5 was correlated with incremental PPAH (
R
2=0.79), with ventilation rate-adjusted smoker density (
R
2=0.73), and with smoker density (
R
2=0.60), but not with ventilation rates (
R
2=0.15). PPAH levels in 8 smoking casinos in 3 states averaged 4 times outdoors. The nonsmoking casinos' PM
2.5 (
n=3) did not differ from outdoor levels, nor did their PPAH (
n=2). Incremental PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke in approximately half the smoking casinos exceeded a level known to produce cardiovascular morbidity in nonsmokers after less than 2
h of exposure, posing acute health risks to patrons and workers. Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke PM
2.5. Drifting PM
2.5 from secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas. Smoke-free casinos reduced PM
2.5 to the same low levels found outdoors.
► PM
2.5 air pollution levels exceeded World Health Organization standards in 93% of the 66 smoking casinos. ► Casino ventilation and air cleaning practices failed to control secondhand smoke. ► Secondhand smoke contaminated unseparated nonsmoking areas like casino restaurants. ► Smoke-free casinos reduced fine particle air pollution to outdoor levels. ► Secondhand smoke in casinos creates an acute risk of cardiovascular morbidity for casino patrons.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>21440253</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.007</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0013-9351 |
| ispartof | Environmental research, 2011-05, Vol.111 (4), p.473-484 |
| issn | 0013-9351 1096-0953 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_876227571 |
| source | MEDLINE; Access via ScienceDirect (Elsevier) |
| subjects | Air Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data Biological and medical sciences Casino Casinos Density Environmental Monitoring Environmental pollutants toxicology Environmental tobacco smoke Exposure Humans Indoor air pollution Inhalation Exposure - statistics & numerical data Medical sciences Outdoor PAH Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis PM 2.5 Real-time monitoring Risk Risk Assessment Secondhand smoke Smoke Smoking Smoking activity Tobacco Smoke Pollution - statistics & numerical data Tobacco, tobacco smoking Toxicology United States Ventilation Ventilation - statistics & numerical data |
| title | Fine particle air pollution and secondhand smoke exposures and risks inside 66 US casinos |
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