Ultratrace and Isotope Analysis of Long-Lived Radionuclides by Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer

The direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) was explored for the ultrasensitive determination of long-lived radionuclides (226Ra, 230Th, 237Np, 238U, 239Pu, and 241Am) and for precise isotope analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The DIHEN was used at low solution uptake rates (1−100 μL/min) without a spray chamber. Optimal sensitivity (e.g., 238U, 230 MHz/ppm; 230Th, 190 MHz/ppm; and 239Pu, 184 MHz/ppm) was achieved at low nebulizer gas flow rates (0.16 L/min), high rf power (1450 W), and low solution uptake rates (100 μL/min). The optimum parameters varied slightly for the two DIHENs tested. The detection limits of long-lived radionuclides in aqueous solutions varied from 0.012 to 0.11 ng/L. The sensitivity of the DIHEN was improved by a factor of 3 to 5 compared with that of a microconcentric nebulizer (MicroMist used with a minicyclonic spray chamber at a solution uptake rate of 85 μL/min) and a factor of 1.5 to 4 compared with that of a conventional nebulizer (cross-flow used with a Scott type spray chamber at a solution uptake rate of 1 mL/min). The precision of the DIHEN ranged from 0.5 to 1.7% RSD (N = 3) for all measurements at the 10 ng/L concentration level (∼3 pg sample size). The sensitivity decreased to 10 MHz/ppm at a solution uptake rate of 1 μL/min. The precision was about 5% RSD at a sample size of 30 fg for each long-lived radionuclide by the DIHEN-ICPMS method. The oxide to atom ratios were less than 0.05 (except ThO+/Th+ ) and decreased under the optimum conditions in the following sequence: ThO+/Th+ > UO+/U+ > NpO+/Np+ > PuO+/Pu+ > AmO+/Am+ > RaO+/Ra+. Atomic and oxide ions were used as analyte ions for ultratrace and isotope analyses of long-lived radionuclides in environmental and radioactive waste samples. The analytical methods developed were applied to the determination of long-lived radionuclides and isotope ratio measurements in different radioactive waste and environmental samples using the DIHEN in combination with quadrupole ICPMS. For instance, the 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratio was measured in a radioactive waste sample at a plutonium concentration of 12 ng/L. This demonstrates a main advantage of DIHEN-ICPMS compared with α-spectrometry, which cannot be used to selectively determine 239Pu and 240Pu because of similar α energies (5.244 and 5.255 MeV, respectively).