Petrology of the Luingo caldera (SE margin of the Puna plateau): A middle Miocene window of the arc―back arc configuration

We describe the petrographic characteristics, whole-rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry of rocks from the Pucarilla-Cerro Tipillas Volcanic Complex with emphasis on the rocks belonging to the middle Miocene Luingo caldera, located in the south-eastern portion of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes. We modelled the petrogenesis of the Luingo caldera rocks as a mixture of ca. 20% crustal magmas and 80% of mantle magmas by AFC with recharge processes. A comparison of Luingo geochemical data with the composition of Miocene-Pliocene volcanic rocks from the broad area, points to major thickening events during the middle Miocene for the western portion and during the upper Miocene for the eastern portion of the Southern CVZ. In the eastern sector (~ 66[deg]W) the mantle source appears to change from a spinel-lherzolite type for the middle Miocene to a garnet-lherzolite type for the upper Miocene-Pliocene magmas. The areal distribution of the volcanic products led to the recognition of approximately equivalent areas covered by volcanic rocks both in the eastern and in the western Puna borders. This indicates a broad arc, which was structurally controlled at the proto-Puna/Puna margins, whose geochemical differences are related with variations in crustal thicknesses and heterogeneous mantle sources from west to east.